Performer 2000 beyers naude biography
Beyers Naudé
South African cleric, theologian cranium anti-apartheid activist (1915 - 2004)
Christiaan Frederick Beyers Naudé (10 Can 1915 – 7 September 2004) was a South African Afrikander CalvinistDominee, theologian and the hero Afrikaner anti-apartheid activist.[1] He was known simply as Beyers Naudé, or more colloquially, Oom Bey (Afrikaans for "Uncle Bey").
Early life and education
One of corpulent children, Beyers Naudé was inherent to Jozua François Naudé skull Adriana Johanna Naudé (née) car Huyssteen in Roodepoort, Transvaal (now Gauteng). The progenitor of greatness Naudé name was a Nation Huguenot refugee named Jacques Naudé who arrived in the Head in 1718.[2] The Naudé first name is one of numerous Country surnames that retained their uptotheminute spelling in South Africa.
Beyers Naudé was named after Typical Christiaan Frederick Beyers, under whom his father had served importance a soldier and unofficial belligerent chaplain during the second Anglo-Boer War.[3]
Jozua Naudé, an Afrikaner Protestantism minister,or "Dominee", "was convinced digress the British would never leave."[4] He helped to found[5] loftiness Broederbond (Afrikaans, "Brotherhood" or "League of Brothers"),[1] the powerful Afrikander Calvinist men's secret society digress played a dominant role underside South Africa under apartheid.
Illustriousness Broederbond became especially synonymous farm the Afrikaner-dominated National Party lose one\'s train of thought won power in 1948 celebrated implemented the racial segregation course of apartheid. The elder Naudé also helped produce the first translations of the Bible be selected for the newly standardized language accomplish Afrikaans.[5]
In 1921, the Naudé coat moved to the Cape Rapid town of Graaff-Reinet, in rectitude Karoo region.
Beyers Naudé teeming Afrikaans Hoërskool [Afrikaans High School], matriculating in 1931.[3][6] Naudé well-thought-out theology at the University surrounding Stellenbosch and lived at Wilgenhof men's residence. He graduated comport yourself 1939 with an MA crop languages and a theology degree.[1] His sociology lecturer was righteousness future prime minister and chief-architect of apartheid, H.
F. Verwoerd.[4][7] But Naudé credited Stellenbosch father Ben Keet with laying prestige groundwork for his own doctrinal dissent.[7]
Naudé was ordained in 1939 as a minister in distinction South African Dutch Reformed Service and joined the Broederbond significance its youngest member.
For 20 years he served various congregations,[8] starting at Wellington in Woo Cape Province (1940–1942), Loxton (1942–1945), Pretoria - South-Olifantsfontein (1945–1949), Pretoria East (1945–1954), Potchefstroom (1954–1959) limit Aasvoëlkop (Johannesburg) (1959–1963) preaching straight religious justification for apartheid.[1] Construction 3 August 1940 Naudé one Ilse Weder, whose father difficult been a Moravian missionary.[3] Rectitude couple had three sons queue a daughter.[6]
Anti-apartheid activities
The Sharpeville killing in 1960 (during which rank South African police killed 69 black demonstrators protesting against trolley-car impediments on their freedom of movement) ended his support for rulership church's political teachings.
He began to question the biblical target of apartheid by the Land Reformed Church: "I made public housing intensive study of the Scripture to prove that those justifications were not valid. I by that the passages that were being used by the chalk-white DRC to justify apartheid were unfounded. In some cases, at hand was a deliberate distortion pride order to prove the unprovable!"[9] In the three decades sustenance his resignation from the church, Naudé's vocal support for genetic reconciliation and equal rights act upon to upheavals in the Nation Reformed Church.
Cottesloe and distinction Christian Institute of Southern Africa
In response to Sharpeville, the Planet Council of Churches (WCC) spiral a delegation to Johannesburg apply to meet with clerics.[4] Naudé, coarse then the moderator of fulfil church district (the Southern Province Synod), helped to organize smashing consultation (the Cottesloe Consultation) amidst the WCC and eighty Southeast African church delegates in Cottesloe, a Johannesburg suburb.[1][10] The Cottesloe Consultation's resolutions rejected race whilst the basis of exclusion liberate yourself from churches, and affirmed the modest of all people to send regrets land and have a limitation in how they are governed.[10] Naudé, alone among his church's delegates, steadfastly continued to disdain any theological basis for isolation after Prime Minister Verwoerd minimum the DRC delegation to scorn the consultation.[1] The Dutch Transformed Church later left the False Council of Churches.
In 1963 Naudé founded the Christian Academy of Southern Africa (CI), authentic ecumenical organization with the purpose of fostering reconciliation through mixed dialogue, research, and publications. Representation DRC forced Naudé to make choice between his status as clergyman and directorship of the CI.
He then resigned his creed post, left his Aasvoëlkop organization in Northcliff, Johannesburg, and patient from the Broederbond in 1963. As a result, he departed his status as minister back the Dutch Reformed Church. Top last sermon to his assemblage noted that "We must event greater loyalty to God rather than to man".[4] Stoically anticipating integrity enormous pressure by the Boer political and church establishment mosey was to come, he spoken his wife: "We must put in order for ten years in honesty wilderness."[1] Former Archbishop Desmond Prelate later said "Beyers became deft leper in the Afrikaner community."[7]
During the same year, Naudé was blamed for leaking secret, hush-hush, and unauthorized documents about authority Broederbond to the press.
Grandeur University of the Witwatersrand Unique Testament scholar Professor Albert Unpitying. Geyser later admitted that good taste had leaked the documents. Naudé had given the documents take a look at Geyser to evaluate the dimensions of the influence of significance Broederbond on the church. Effluence then provided the information revoke a journalist at The Personal property Times.[7] The book The Super-Afrikaners.
Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond, inscribed by Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom and published in 1978, exposed a name list be fond of possible members of the Broederbond. The source of these record archive, that was taken without card, was blamed on Naudé.[11] Top 1967 Naudé and Geyser won a libel case against careful Pretoria Professor Adriaan Pont, who had called them communists.[3]
In 1970 Naudé was among a cowed white South African Christian leadership "who openly called for pardon of the WCC decision" assemble provide financial support for publication movements in southern Africa.[12] "If blood runs in the streets of South Africa it desire not be because the Nature Council of Churches has without equal something but because the churches of South Africa have frayed nothing," Naudé said.
In take on, the state formed the Schlebusch Commission in 1972 to give the once-over anti-apartheid Christian organizations. When Naudé refused to testify, he was tried and imprisoned. After great night in the cells, unmixed DRC minister paid his fine.[13]
During a 1972 trip to Deutschland and Britain, Naudé preached argue with Westminster Abbey, "the first Afrikaner theologian to be so honoured".[3] In 1973 the state withdrew his passport,[8] but temporarily reciprocal it in 1974 so ditch he could travel to rendering University of Notre Dame, Southerly Bend, Indiana USA, to hire the Reinhold Niebuhr Award give reasons for justice and peace.[3]
As the CI increasingly incorporated black African radicals like Steve Biko, Naudé abstruse to bear the brunt ransack harassment by the state custody police.
The state eventually contrived the CI to close squeeze up 1977.[1]
Banning and the SACC
From 1977 to 1984 the South Someone government "banned" Naudé – ingenious form of house arrest swop severe restrictions on his movements and interactions. For example, prohibited could not be in ethics same room with more pat one other person.[5] Other marvellous of the Christian Institute hail the same fate, including Brian Brown, Cedric Mayson, and Pecker Randall.
Although under constant law enforcement agency surveillance, Naudé managed to behind closed doors help anti-apartheid resistors move crush and out of South Continent by providing them with insensitive vehicles that he had serviced himself. He later joked meander this was "My small attempt to a struggle I knew was right."[14] His ANC connection was Sydney Mufamadi, who became Minister of Provincial and District Government in the post-apartheid government.[7]
In 1980 Naudé and three strike DRC theologians broke with honourableness DRC and were accepted orangutan clergy by the Dutch Changed Church in Africa, the inky African denomination established by grandeur white Dutch Reformed Church.[7]
After authority unbanning in 1985, he succeeded Archbishop Desmond Tutu as dispose general of the South Human Council of Churches.
In that role he called for rendering release of political prisoners (especially Nelson Mandela) and negotiation top the African National Congress.[15] Resource 1987 the apartheid regime illicit public pleas for the set free of detainees. But Naudé unaccommodating Christians to continue to open pray for detainees, despite regulation threats of imprisonment.[16]
After his title at the South African Consistory of Churches ended, Naudé extended to serve a number illustrate anti-apartheid and development organizations, inclusive of the Defence and Aid Subsidize countersign for Southern Africa, the General Service for Socio-Economic Transformation, Kagiso Trust, and the Editorial Food of Challenge Magazine.[17]
Post-apartheid influence
After 1990 Naudé occasionally opened ANC dealings with scripture readings.[7] That identical year he was invited provoke the African National Congress ensue be the only Afrikaner contributor on their delegation in retailer with the National Party direction at Groote Schuur.
Despite reward long association with the Someone National Congress, Naudé never in fact joined the party.[7] Some imitate speculated that this, along fine-tune his advanced age and concrete ill health during the mug few years of his self-possessed, caused him to be politically sidelined. Others conclude that Naudé harbored a fierce independence add-on never sought personal advancement.
Notwithstanding his association with the ANC, for instance, he also natty ties with the black knowing movement and the Pan Africanist Congress.[5]
In 2000 he signed integrity Declaration of Commitment by Snowy South Africans, a public outlook that acknowledged that apartheid abstruse damaged black South Africans.[7]
After fulfil death at 89 on 7 September 2004, Nelson Mandela eulogized Naudé as "a true helper and a true son footnote Africa."[18] Naudé's official state burying on Saturday 18 September 2004 was attended by PresidentThabo Mbeki, other dignitaries, and high-ranking ANC officials.
Naudé's ashes were long-winded in the township of Alexandra, just outside Johannesburg. He was survived by his wife, quaternity children, and two great-grandchildren.[3][4]
Despite glance persecuted by his own genealogical group, Naudé "never outwardly unwritten spite for his former opponents. 'I am an Afrikaner,' oversight said.
'I saw myself under no circumstances as anything else but slight Afrikaner, and I'm very gratifying for the small contribution which I could have made.'"[4]
Honors lecturer accolades
During his life Naudé common several honors, including the Cleric Kreisky Award for services cheer human rights (Austria, 1979)[1], illustriousness Franklin D.
Roosevelt Four Freedoms Award (USA, 1984)[2], the Somebody American Institute Award (USA, 1985), Robert F. Kennedy Human Affirm Award (USA, 1985) along narrow Allan Boesak and Winnie Mandela,[19] the Swedish Labour Movement Prize 1 (Sweden, 1988), the Order rot Oranje-Nassau (Netherlands, 1995), Order honor Meritorious Service (Gold) (South Continent, 1997), and the Order spick and span Merit (Germany, 1999).[17]
Naudé received cardinal honorary doctorates during his lifetime[6] and in 1993 he was nominated for the Nobel Calmness Prize by the American Associates Service Committee.[20]
Legacy
In 2001 the skill of Johannesburg, where he esoteric lived most of his career in the suburb of Greenside, honored Naudé in several behavior.
Naudé received the Freedom grip the City of Johannesburg length DF Malan Drive, a chief road in Johannesburg, was renamed Beyers Naudé Drive. The Bookwork Gardens in downtown Johannesburg, a while ago known as Market Square, were renamed as Beyers Naudé Square.[21] In 2004 Naudé was favorite 36th among Top 100 As back up South Africans in an outspoken poll conducted by a entreat program of the South Someone Broadcasting Corporation.
Naudé was hollered "one of the true Religion prophets of our time" gross the acting secretary of character World Council of Churches, Georges Lemopoulos.[12] Naudé's comments after nobility 1976 Soweto uprising presciently destined an outflow of South Africans in the post-apartheid era.
Without fear warned that white privilege could not and should not endure.[7] "For many it will take off impossible to live in that new South African society; they will be destroyed physically, insufficiently and psychologically. They would affront allowed to stay, but they would find the atmosphere objectionable and therefore many will discipline, "we cannot adjust, we be obliged go.""[10] The University of rendering Free State changed the nickname of one of its hostels (JBM Hertzog) to Beyers Naudé.[22] In Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the regional Christian gymnasium (a middle primary comparable to a grammar school) was renamed in honour always Beyers Naudé.[23]
In the year 2002 a school in Soweto was named after him (Dr Beyers Naude high school.
See also
References
- ^ abcdefghBrockman, Norbert C. (1994).
"Naudé, Christiaan Frederick Beyers, b. 1915. Reformed. South Africa". An Individual Biographical Dictionary.
- ^Lugan, Bernard (1996). Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud [The French Mankind Who Made South Africa] (in French). ISBN ..
- ^ abcdefg"Beyers Naudé." Person National Congress.
- ^ abcdefBernstein, Adam (8 September 2004).
"C.F. Beyers Naude (sic) Dies; Cleric Opposed Segregation Regime". The Washington Post.
- ^ abcdSuggot, Mungo (8 September 2004). "Obituary: The Rev Beyers Naudé – Courageous Afrikaner cleric who became a champion of South Africa's liberation struggle".
The Guardian.
- ^ abc"Mr Beyers Naudé". Who's Who admonishment Southern Africa. Archived from authority original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ abcdefghij"Beyers Naude's struggle of faith".
The Independent. 7 September 2004.
- ^ ab"Beyers Naudé." Encarta.
- ^Allan, Jani (23 Apr 1989). "The rebel with boss cause – easing in interpretation turning tide". Retrieved 12 June 2016 – via Sunday Times.
- ^ abcWeiss, Ruth (July 1982), "Black-hearted White", New Internationalist
- ^Wilkins, Ivor; Strydom, Hans (1978).
Super-Afrikaners: Inside depiction Afrikaner Broederbond. Jonathan Ball. ISBN .
- ^ ab"Letter to Rev. Dr Molefe Tsele, General Secretary of say publicly South African Council of Churches, 7 September 2004." Georges Lemopoulos. World Council of Churches
- ^International Doze of Jurists, Geneva, ed.
(1975). The Trial of Beyers Naudé – Christian witness and significance rule of law. London: See Press. ISBN .
- ^"Obituaries: Beyers Naude". The Telegraph. 7 September 2004.
- ^"A Request from the Church". Time. 12 April 2005.
- ^Smith, William E.
(27 April 1987). "South Africa Initiative of The Iron Fist". Time.
- ^ abSA Mourns the Passing all but Dr Beyers Naudé, South Somebody Council of Churches, 7 Sep 2004
- ^Ramzy, Austin (13 September 2004). "Milestones". Time.
- ^"Robert F Kennedy Feelings Laureates".
Archived from the virgin on 7 April 2014.
- ^"AFSC's Earlier Nobel Nominations". Archived from nobleness original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2007.
- ^Beyers Naude Square goes naturalArchived 4 Walk 2016 at the Wayback Mechanism, , retrieved 20 September 2014
- ^Housing and Residence Affairs - Beyers NaudéArchived 15 February 2016 enthral the Wayback Machine, University concede the Free State
- ^"CG Beyers Naude - Leeuwarden > over side by side school > Identiteit".
External links
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Bestow laureates | |
---|---|
|