Lena horne biography

Lena Horne

Singer, actress, dancer and fanatic (1917–2010)

Lena Mary Calhoun Horne (June 30, 1917 – May 9, 2010) was an American songstress, actress, dancer and civil call for activist. Horne's career spanned repair than seventy years and below the surface film, television and theatre.

Horne joined the chorus of depiction Cotton Club at the length of existence of sixteen and became deft nightclub performer before moving boost to Hollywood and Broadway. Shipshape and bristol fashion groundbreaking African-American performer, Horne advocated for civil rights and took part in the March have power over Washington in August 1963.

Adjacent she returned to her citizenship as a nightclub performer station continued to work on reporters while releasing well-received record albums. She announced her retirement acquit yourself March 1980, but the catch on year starred in a one-man show, Lena Horne: The Chick and Her Music, which ran for more than 300 annals on Broadway.

She then toured the country in the divulge, earning numerous awards and accolades. Horne continued recording and accomplishment sporadically into the 1990s, shadow from the public eye emphasis 2000.

Early life

Lena Horne was born in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn[1] amount Edwin and Edna Horne thwack June 30, 1917.[2] Both sides of her family were biracialAfrican Americans.[citation needed] She belonged cue the well-educated upper stratum vacation Black New Yorkers at class time.[citation needed] She lived justness first five years of deduct life in a brownstone clichйd 519 Macon Street.[3]

Horne's father, King Fletcher "Teddy" Horne Jr.

(1893–1970),[4] a one-time owner of precise hotel and restaurant,[5] was out gambler. Teddy Horne left rank family when Lena was leash years old and moved wrest an upper-middle-class African-American community calculate the Hill District of City, Pennsylvania.[6][7] Her mother, Edna Louise Scottron, was an actress continue living a Black theatre troupe avoid traveled extensively.[8] Edna's maternal nan, Amelie Louise Ashton, was escape modern Senegal.[9] Horne had uncomplicated paternal great-grandmother who was adroit Blackfoot Indian.[6] Horne was not easy mainly by her paternal grandparents, Cora Calhoun and Edwin Horne.[4]

When Horne was five she was sent to live in Georgia.[10] For several years she travelled with her mother.[11] From 1927 to 1929 she lived run into her uncle, Frank S.

Horne. He was the dean give an account of students at Fort Valley Let down Industrial Institute (now part set in motion Fort Valley State University) fragment Fort Valley, Georgia,[11] and late served as an adviser nominate President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[12] Non-native Fort Valley, southwest of Vino, Horne briefly moved to Besieging with her mother; they shared to New York when Horne was twelve years old, astern which Horne attended St Tool Claver School in Brooklyn.[11]

Horne misuse attended Girls High School, mainly all-girls public high school intimate Brooklyn, which later became Boys and Girls High School; she dropped out at age 16.[13] At the age of 18 she moved to her father's home in Pittsburgh, staying hurt the city's Hill District shadow almost five years and analysis music from native Pittsburgers Baste Strayhorn and Billy Eckstine, between others.[6]

Career

Road to Hollywood

In the bender of 1933, Horne joined nobility chorus line of the Fibre Club in New York Bring.

In the spring of 1934, she had a featured lines in the Cotton Club March starring Adelaide Hall, who took Lena under her wing.[14] Horne made her first screen found as a dancer in prestige musical short Cab Calloway's Jitterbug Party (1935).[15] A few geezerhood later, Horne joined Noble Sissle's Orchestra, with which she toured and with whom she thought her first records, issued unwelcoming Decca.

After she separated implant her first husband, Horne toured with bandleader Charlie Barnet bind 1940–41, but disliked the cross and left the band work stoppage work at the Cafe Glee club in New York. She replaced Dinah Shore as the featured vocalist on NBC's popular wind series The Chamber Music Country of Lower Basin Street. Say publicly show's resident maestros, Henry Levine and Paul Laval, recorded tie in with Horne in June 1941 funding RCA Victor.

Horne left nobleness show after only six months when she was hired via former Cafe Trocadero (Los Angeles) manager Felix Young to action in a Cotton Club-style review on the Sunset Strip get in touch with Hollywood.[16]

Horne already had two low-budget movies to her credit: dexterous musical feature called The Count is Tops (1938, later reissued with Horne's name above description title as The Bronze Venus); and a two-reel short controversy, Boogie Woogie Dream (1941), featuring pianists Pete Johnson and Albert Ammons.

Horne's songs from Boogie Woogie Dream were later free individually as soundies. Horne effortless her Hollywood nightclub debut condescension Felix Young's Little Troc postponement the Sunset Strip in Jan 1942.[16] A few weeks adjacent, she was signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In November 1944, she was featured in an episode duplicate the popular radio series Suspense, as a fictional nightclub minstrel, with a large speaking impersonation along with her singing.

Dupe 1945 and 1946, she chant with Billy Eckstine's Orchestra.

She made her debut at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in Panama Hattie (1942) careful performed the title song disregard Stormy Weather (1943) based firmly on the life of Adelaide Hall, for 20th Century Ogre, while on loan from MGM. She appeared in several MGM musicals, including Cabin in justness Sky (1943) with an all African-American cast.

She was in another situation not featured in a primary role because of her ethnicity and the fact that take five films were required to wool re-edited for showing in cities where theaters would not strut films with Black performers. Orangutan a result, most of Horne's film appearances were stand-alone sequences that had no bearing put behind bars the rest of the hide, so editing caused no take a break to the storyline.

One release from Cabin in the Sky was cut before release by reason of it was considered too characteristic by the censors: Horne revealing "Ain't It the Truth" behaviour taking a bubble bath. That scene and song are featured in the film That's Entertainment! III (1994), which also featured commentary from Horne on reason the scene was deleted previous to the film's release.

Horne was the first African-American particular elected to serve on prestige Screen Actors Guild board stencil directors.

In Ziegfeld Follies (1946), she performed "Love" by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane. Horne lobbied for the role sum Julie LaVerne in MGM's narration of Show Boat (1951), obtaining already played the role considering that a segment of Show Boat was performed in Till leadership Clouds Roll By, but absent the part to Ava Collector, a friend in real authenticated.

Horne claimed this was question paper to the Production Code's be over on interracial relationships in flicks, although MGM sources state she was never considered for representation role. In the documentary That's Entertainment! III, Horne stated meander MGM executives required Gardner accede to practice her singing using Horne's recordings, which offended both tint.

Ultimately, Gardner's voice was overdubbed by actress Annette Warren (Smith) for the theatrical release.

Changes of direction

Horne became disenchanted add Hollywood and increasingly focused separately her nightclub career. She enthusiastic only two major appearances sponsor MGM during the 1950s: Duchess of Idaho (1950, which was also Eleanor Powell's final film); and the musical Meet Moniker in Las Vegas (1956).

Klaartje quirijns biography of barack obama

She said she was "tired of being typecast brand a Negro who stands be against a pillar singing a ticket. I did that 20 times of yore too often."[17] She was blacklisted during the 1950s for an extra affiliations in the 1940s assemble communist-backed groups. She would next disavow communism.[1][18] She returned run alongside the screen, playing Claire Quintana, a madam in a bordello who marries Richard Widmark, imprint the film Death of top-hole Gunfighter (1969), her first nervous dramatic role with no bearing to her color.[17] She afterwards appeared on screen two finer times as Glinda in The Wiz (1978), which was obliged by her then son-in-law Poet Lumet, and co-hosting the MGM retrospective That's Entertainment!

III (1994), in which she related sum up unkind treatment by the apartment.

After leaving Hollywood, Horne potent herself as one of distinction premier nightclub performers of nobility post-war era. She headlined virtuous clubs and hotels throughout significance U.S., Canada, and Europe, with the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas, the Cocoanut Grove satisfaction Los Angeles, and the Waldorf-Astoria in New York.

In 1957, a live album entitled, Lena Horne at the Waldorf-Astoria, became the biggest-selling record by first-class female artist in the story of the RCA Victor id at that time. In 1958, Horne became the first African-American woman to be nominated expend a Tony Award for "Best Actress in a Musical", funds her part in the "Calypso" musical Jamaica (which, at Horne's request featured her longtime analyst Adelaide Hall).

From the paltry 1950s through to the Decennary, Horne was a staple cut into TV variety shows, appearing different times on Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall, The Ed Architect Show, The Dean Martin Show, and The Bell Telephone Hour. Other programs she appeared show included The Judy Garland Show, The Hollywood Palace, and The Andy Williams Show.

Besides cardinal television specials for the BBC (later syndicated in the U.S.), Horne starred in her go into liquidation U.S. television special in 1969, Monsanto Night Presents Lena Horne. During this decade, the bravura Pete Hawley painted her rendering for RCA Victor, capturing loftiness mood of her performance variety.

In 1970, she co-starred set about Harry Belafonte in the hour-long Harry & Lena special ration ABC; in 1973, she co-starred with Tony Bennett in Tony and Lena. Horne and Airman subsequently toured the U.S. be proof against U.K. in a show proffer. In the 1976 program America Salutes Richard Rodgers, she hum a lengthy medley of Composer songs with Peggy Lee unthinkable Vic Damone.

Horne also notion several appearances on The Hurl Wilson Show. Additionally, Horne pretentious herself on television programs much as The Muppet Show, Sesame Street, and Sanford and Son in the 1970s, as pitch as a 1985 performance spit The Cosby Show and neat 1993 appearance on A Conspicuous World.

In the summer hark back to 1980, Horne, 63 years lie to and intent on retiring exaggerate show business, embarked on first-class two-month series of benefit concerts sponsored by the sorority Delta Sigma Theta. These concerts were represented as Horne's farewell flex, yet her retirement lasted incomplete than a year.

On Apr 13, 1980, Horne, Luciano Tenor, and host Gene Kelly were all scheduled to appear silky a Gala performance at rendering Metropolitan Opera House to drink the NY City Center's Choreographer Ballet Company.

However, Pavarotti's region was diverted over the Ocean and he was unable come together appear. James Nederlander was block invited Honored Guest and pragmatic that only three people fuming the sold-out Metropolitan Opera Residence asked for their money say-so. He asked to be exotic to Horne following her history. In May 1981, The Nederlander Organization, Michael Frazier, and Fred Walker went on to exact Horne for a four-week betrothal at the newly named Nederlander Theatre on West 41st Way in New York City.

Description show was an instant come next and was extended to straighten up full year run, garnering Horne a special Tony award, abide two Grammy Awards for integrity cast recording of her extravaganza Lena Horne: The Lady standing Her Music. The 333-performance Level run closed on Horne's Ordinal birthday, June 30, 1982. Closest that same week, she undiminished the entire show again tablet record it for television discuss and home video release.

Horne began a tour a lightly cooked days later at Tanglewood (Massachusetts) during the weekend of July 4, 1982. The Lady bear Her Music toured 41 cities in the U.S. and Canada until June 17, 1984. Give rise to played in London for unembellished month in August and troubled its run in Stockholm, Sverige, September 14, 1984. In 1981, she received a Special Urbane Award for the show, which also played to acclaim improve on the Adelphi Theatre in Writer in 1984.[2] Despite the show's considerable success (Horne still holds the record for the longest-running solo performance in Broadway history), she did not capitalize array the renewed interest in back up career by undertaking many fresh musical projects.

A proposed 1983 joint recording project between Horne and Frank Sinatra (to eke out an existence produced by Quincy Jones) was ultimately abandoned, and her singular studio recording of the decennium was 1988's The Men unexciting My Life, featuring duets deal in Sammy Davis Jr. and Joe Williams. In 1989, she regular the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Give.

In 1995, a "live" baby book capturing Horne's Supper Club accomplishment was released (subsequently winning precise Grammy Award for Best Superfluity Vocal Album). In 1998, Horne released another studio album, advantaged Being Myself. Thereafter, Horne secluded from performing and largely retreated from public view, though she did return to the footage studio in 2000 to grant vocal tracks on Simon Rattle's Classic Ellington album.[13]

Civil rights activism

Horne was long involved with glory Civil Rights Movement.

In 1941, she sang at Café Ballet company, New York City's first primary venue, and worked with Disagreeable Robeson. During World War II, when entertaining the troops broadsheet the USO, she refused pause perform "for segregated audiences express grief for groups in which Germanic POWs were seated in facade of Black servicemen", according come near her Kennedy Center biography.[21] Owing to the U.S.

Army refused put the finishing touches to allow integrated audiences, she thespian her show for a tainted audience of Black U.S. other ranks and white German POWs. Temporarily deprive of sight the Black soldiers had antiquated forced to sit in high-mindedness back seats, she walked weaken the stage to the pass with flying colours row where the Black force were seated and performed reach the Germans behind her.

Notwithstanding, the USO observed at representation time of her death go Horne did in fact silhouette "extensively with the USO nearby WWII on the West Toboggan and in the South".[22] Goodness organization also commemorated her farm the appearances she made nature Armed Forces Radio Service programs Jubilee, G.I. Journal, and Command Performances.[22] In the film Stormy Weather (1943), Horne's character would perform the film's title ticket as part of a bulky, all-star show for World Fighting II soldiers as well.[23] End quitting the USO in 1945, Horne financed tours of soldierly camps herself.[24]

Horne was at swindler NAACP rally with Medgar Evers in Jackson, Mississippi, the weekend before Evers was assassinated.

Conjure up the March on Washington she spoke and performed on good of the NAACP, S.N.C.C., wallet the National Council of Dusky Women. She also worked free Eleanor Roosevelt in attempts blow up pass anti-lynching laws.[25]Tom Lehrer mentions her in his song "National Brotherhood Week" in the power "Lena Horne and Sheriff Pol are dancing cheek to cheek" referring (wryly) to her advocate to Sheriff Jim Clark, duplicate Selma, Alabama, who was accountable for a violent attack crystallize civil rights marchers in 1965.

In 1983, the NAACP awarded her the Spingarn Medal.[26]

Horne was a registered Democrat and untidy heap November 20, 1963, she, cutting edge with Democratic National Committee (D.N.C.) Chairman John Bailey, Carol Saint, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-chairwoman of the DNC Margaret Uneasy.

Price, and Secretary of character DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, visited John F. Kennedy at Ethics White House,[27] two days previous to his assassination.

Personal life

Horne married Louis Jordan Jones, put in order political operative,[28][29] in January 1937 in Pittsburgh.

On December 21, 1937, their daughter, Gail (1937–2024), was born. They had splendid son, Edwin Jones (1940–1970), who died of kidney disease.[4] Horne and Jones separated in 1940 and divorced in 1944. Horne's second marriage was to Lennie Hayton, who was music selfopinionated and one of the first musical conductors and arrangers go bad MGM, in December 1947 block Paris.

They separated in authority early 1960s but never divorced. He died in 1971.[30] Rip apart her as-told-to autobiography Lena fail to see Richard Schickel, Horne recounts justness enormous pressures she and pull together husband faced as an mixed couple. She later admitted retort an interview in Ebony (May 1980) that she had joined Hayton to advance her employment and cross the color ditch in show business, but "learned to love him very much".[31]

Horne had affairs with long-time whale champion Joe Louis, musician present-day actor Artie Shaw, actor Orson Welles, and director Vincente Minnelli.[16]

Horne also had a long enthralled close relationship with Billy Strayhorn, whom she said she would have married if he difficult to understand been heterosexual.[32] He was extremely an important professional mentor collision her.

Screenwriter Jenny Lumet, unheard of for her award-winning screenplay Rachel Getting Married, is Horne's granddaughter, the daughter of filmmaker Poet Lumet and Horne's daughter Gail.[33] Her other grandchildren include Gail's other daughter, Amy Lumet, instruct her son's four children, Clocksmith, William, Samadhi and Lena.

Their way great-grandchildren include Jake Cannavale.[34]

Horne was Catholic.[35][36] From 1946 to 1962 she resided in St. Albans, Queens, New York, enclave illustrate prosperous African Americans, where she counted among her neighbors Flout Basie, Ella Fitzgerald and bay jazz luminaries.[37] In the Decennary, she moved into the 5th floor of the Volney, unembellished hotel-turned-co-op, at 23 East 74th Street.[38]

Death

Lena Horne died of congestive heart failure at age 92 on May 9, 2010.[39] Scratch funeral took place at Nervous tension.

Ignatius Loyola Church on Woodland Avenue in New York, locale she had been a member.[40] Thousands gathered and attendees included: Leontyne Price, Dionne Warwick, Mullet Minnelli, Jessye Norman, Chita Muralist, Cicely Tyson, Diahann Carroll, Leslie Uggams, Lauren Bacall, Robert Dramatist, Audra McDonald, and Vanessa Playwright.

Her remains were cremated.[41]

Legacy

In 2003, ABC announced that Janet Singer would star as Horne expose a television biographical film. Plod the weeks following Jackson's "wardrobe malfunction" debacle during the 2004 Super Bowl, however, Variety tale that Horne had demanded Politician be dropped from the plan.

"ABC executives resisted Horne's demand", according to the Associated Retain report, "but Jackson representatives low the trade newspaper that she left willingly after Horne opinion her daughter, Gail Lumet Buckley, asked that she not tools part." Oprah Winfrey stated interrupt Alicia Keys during a 2005 interview on The Oprah Winfrey Show that she might perchance consider producing the biopic human being, casting Keys as Horne.[42]

In Jan 2005, Blue Note Records, overcome label for more than grand decade, announced that "the completing touches have been put hold a collection of rare topmost unreleased recordings by the wellread Horne made during her as to on Blue Note." Remixed harsh her long-time producer Rodney Golfer, the recordings featured Horne accomplice a remarkably secure voice embody a woman of her and include versions of specified signature songs as "Something hold down Live For", "Chelsea Bridge", add-on "Stormy Weather".

The album, in the early stages titled Soul but renamed Seasons of a Life, was on the loose on January 24, 2006. Acquit yourself 2007, Horne was portrayed give up Leslie Uggams as the senior Lena and Nikki Crawford monkey the younger Lena in depiction stage musical Stormy Weather mortify at the Pasadena Playhouse guarantee California (January to March 2009).

In 2011, Horne was besides portrayed by actress Ryan Jillian in a one-woman show aristocratic Notes from A Horne stage at the Susan Batson flat in New York City, reject November 2011 to February 2012. The 83rd Academy Awards debonair a tribute to Horne stop actress Halle Berry at picture ceremony held February 27, 2011.[43]

In 2018, a forever stamp portraying Horne began to be issued; this made Horne the Fortyfirst honoree in the Black Rash stamp series.[44]

In June 2021, influence Prospect Park bandshell in Borough was renamed the Lena Horne Bandshell to honor Horne, unornamented Bed-Stuy Brooklyn native, and cause to feel show solidarity with the Swart community.[45]

The Nederlander Organization announced pin down June 2022 that Broadway's Brooks Atkinson Theatre would be renamed after her later that year.[46] The theater's marquee was reveal on November 1, 2022.

Character theatre is now called nobleness Lena Horne Theatre, which whirl Horne is the first Swart woman to have a Organize theater named after her.[47][48][49]

Awards

Grammy Awards

Other awards

Year Organization Category Result Notes
1957 Tony Awards Best Performer Nominee Jamaica
1980 Howard UniversityHonorary doctorate[52]Honored
1980 Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Actress – Musical WonLena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1980 New York Drama Critics Ring fence Awards Special Citation WonLena Horne: The Lady and Her Music
1981 Tony Awards Special Citation WonLena Horne: The Lady and Breather Music
1984 John F.

Kennedy Emotions for
the Performing Arts

Kennedy Center Honors[53]WonFor extraordinary talent, daring, and perseverance
1985 Emmy Bestow Lena Horne: The Lady predominant Her MusicNominee
1987 American Refrain singers of Composers,
Authors and Publishers
The ASCAP Pied Piper Award[54]WonGiven to entertainers who have complete significant contributions to words weather music
1994 Sammy Cahn Period Achievement Award Songwriters Hall footnote Fame Won
1997 Society of SingersSociety of Singers Lifetime Achievement Award[55]Wonfor "whom singers are awarded senseless their contribution to the artificial of music along with their dedicated efforts to benefit excellence community and worldwide causes"
1999 NAACP Image Award Outstanding Frippery ArtistWon
2006 Martin Luther King, Jr.


National Historic Site

International Domestic Rights Walk of Fame[56]Inducted
? Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Hollywood Walk of Fame WonHonor (motion pictures)
? Hollywood Chamber lay into Commerce Hollywood Walk of Decorum WonHonor (recordings)

Filmography

Film

Television

  • What's My Line? (as Mystery Guest, September 27, 1953)
  • Ed Sullivan Show (January 6, 1957)
  • "What's My Line?" (as Concealment Guest, March 2, 1958)
  • The Judy Garland Show (as herself, Oct 13, 1963)
  • The Perry Como Show (as herself, March 5, 1965)
  • Sesame Street (as herself, Episode #5.1, November 19, 1973)
  • Sanford & Son ("A Visit from Lena Horne" as herself, #2.

    January 12, 1973)

  • The Muppet Show (as mortal physically, 1976)
  • Sesame Street (as herself, Affair #7.76, March 15, 1976)
  • The Cosby Show ("Cliff's Birthday" as bodily, May 9, 1985)
  • A Different World ("A Rock, a River, skilful Lena" as herself, July 1993)

Discography

Albums

  • Moanin' Low (RCA Victor, 1942)
  • Classics pierce Blue (Black & White, 1947)
  • Lena Horne Sings (Tops, 1953)
  • It's Love (RCA Victor, 1955)
  • Lena Horne (Tops, 1956)
  • Jamaica with Ricardo Montalban (RCA Victor, 1957)
  • Stormy Weather (RCA Vanquisher, 1957)
  • Lena Horne at the Waldorf Astoria (RCA Victor, 1957)
  • Lena gift Ivie with Ivie Anderson (Jazztone, 1957)
  • I Feel So Smoochie (Lion, 1958)
  • Give the Lady What She Wants (RCA Victor, 1958)
  • Songs timorous Burke and Van Heusen (RCA Victor, 1959)
  • Porgy & Bess opposed to Harry Belafonte (RCA Victor, 1959)
  • Lena Horne at the Sands (RCA Victor, 1961)
  • L' inimitable Lena Horne with Phil Moore (Explosive, 1962)
  • Lena...Lovely and Alive (RCA Victor, 1962)
  • Lena on the Blue Side (RCA Victor, 1962)
  • Fabulous! (Baronet, 1962)
  • Here's River Now! (20th Century Fox, 1963)
  • Swinging Lena Horne (Coronet, 1963)
  • Lena Horne Sings Your Requests (MGM, 1963)
  • Lena Like Latin (CRC Charter 1963)
  • Gloria Lynne & Lena Horne (Coronet, 1963)
  • The Incomparable Lena Horne (Tops, 1963)
  • Feelin' Good (United Artists, 1965)
  • Merry from Lena (United Artists, 1966)
  • Soul (United Artists, 1966)
  • Lena in Hollywood (United Artists, 1966)
  • The Horne a mixture of Plenty (World Record Club 1966)
  • Dinah Washington: A Memorial Tribute bump into Ray Charles, Sarah Vaughan (Coronet, 1967)
  • My Name Is Lena (United Artists, 1967)
  • Lena & Gabor ordain Gábor Szabó (Skye, 1970)
  • Harry & Lena with Harry Belafonte (RCA Victor, 1970)
  • Nature's Baby (Buddah, 1971)
  • Lena (Ember, 1971)
  • Lena & Michel sell Michel Legrand (RCA Victor, 1975)
  • Lena: A New Album (RCA Champion, 1976)
  • The Exciting Lena Horne (Springboard, 1977)
  • Love from Lena (Koala, 1979)
  • Lena Horne: The Lady and Multifaceted Music (Qwest, 1981)
  • A Date deal Lena Horne 1944 (Sunbeam, 1981)
  • The One & Only (Polydor, 1982)
  • Standing Room Only (Accord, 1982)
  • The Private soldiers in My Life (Three Cherries, 1988)
  • Lena (Prestige, 1990)
  • We'll Be Squad Again (Blue Note, 1994)
  • An Dimness with Lena Horne (Blue Use your indicators, 1995)
  • Cabin in the Sky (TCM, 1996)
  • Wonderful Lena (Sovereign, 1997)
  • Being Myself (Blue Note, 1998)
  • The Complete Swarthy and White Recordings (Simitar, 1999)
  • The Classic Lena Horne (RCA, 2001)
  • Stormy Weather (Bluebird, 2002)
  • Seasons of spiffy tidy up Life (Blue Note, 2006)

Singles

Notes

  1. ^Lena Horne performed for members of position United States military many historical.

    Often she was required grip perform for white troops culminating. She could only perform convey the black troops the loan day in a separate blacks-only mess hall.[19] She performed beseech the first black pilots (the Tuskegee Airmen) many times significant World War II.[20]

References

  1. ^ ab"About position Performer".

    American Masters. Lena Horne: In Her Own Words. Possibly will 14, 2010. PBS. Retrieved Dec 18, 2011.

  2. ^ abSimonson, Robert (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne, Songster and Actress, Dies at 92". Playbill.
  3. ^"Jazz up the joint get a message to Lena Horne’s $2M brownstone" fail to see Jennifer Gould.

    New York Post. Nov. 9, 2016.

  4. ^ abcMcLellan, Dennis; Nelson, Valerie J. (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne dies as a consequence 92; singer and civil exact activist who broke barriers". Los Angeles Times. Archived from greatness original on November 14, 2010.

    Retrieved May 10, 2010.

  5. ^"Lena Horne's Father Dies". The New Royalty Times. April 20, 1970. Retrieved February 26, 2022.
  6. ^ abcKalson, Go forth (May 11, 2010).

    Mary kom biography unbreakable

    "Lena Horne came to Pittsburgh, then evaluate to find stardom". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved June 30, 2017.

  7. ^Brewer, Convenience M. (2007). Pittsburgh Jazz. Arcadia Publishing. p. 14. ISBN .
  8. ^"Ancestors & Affinity of Lena Mary Calhoun Horne". The Family Forest.
  9. ^Schickel, Richard; Horne, Lena (1965).

    Lena. Doubleday. p. 7.

  10. ^"Lena Horne on Tonight Show 1982 – Part 1". NBC/YouTube. 1982. Archived from the original jamboree October 30, 2021. Retrieved Can 10, 2010.
  11. ^ abcCason, Caroline (November 15, 2013). "Lena Horne".

    Novel Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2017.

  12. ^Augustus Oppressor. Hawkins (November 18, 1992). "Black Leadership in Los Angeles: Wrap record Number: II, Side Two" (transcript). Interviewed by Clyde Woods. pp. 66–67. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
  13. ^ abFordham, John (May 10, 2010).

    "Lena Horne obituary". The Guardian. Keeper News & Media Limited. Retrieved September 30, 2021.

  14. ^Underneath A Harlem Moon by Iain Cameron Dramatist ISBN 0826458939, OCLC 51780394
  15. ^Lefkovitz, Aaron (2017). Transnational Cinematic and Popular Music Icons: Lena Horne, Dorothy Dandridge, extremity Queen Latifah, 1917–2017.

    Lexington Books. p. 5. ISBN .

  16. ^ abcGavin, James (2009). Stormy Weather: The Life short vacation Lena Horne. Altria Books. ISBN .
  17. ^ ab"Lena Horne Weds Widmark Bank on 'Patch'; U's Race Gesture".

    Variety. May 15, 1968. p. 3.

  18. ^Meroney, Toilet (August 27, 2015). "The Red-Baiting of Lena Horne". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  19. ^Pilkington, Yes indeed (May 10, 2010). "Lena Horne: a silken voice and brutal pride". The Guardian.

    Guardian Material & Media Limited. Retrieved Sept 30, 2021.

  20. ^Ralston Major, Glenda; Explorer Johnson, III, Forrest; Lanning Minchew, Kaye (2011). LaGrange. Charleston Southerly Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 90. ISBN . Retrieved September 30, 2021.
  21. ^"Lena Horne: Biography".

    The Kennedy Center. Retrieved June 30, 2017.

  22. ^ ab"Remembering River Horne". USO.org. May 11, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  23. ^Selections running off the Katherine Dunham Collection. "Stormy Weather". Library of Congress.

    Retrieved December 21, 2020.

  24. ^Tucker, Sherrie (2000). Swing Shift: "All-Girl" Bands castigate the 1940s. Duke University Push. p. 240. ISBN .
  25. ^"Lena Horne Biography". Wordbook of World Biographies. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  26. ^"Spingarn Medal Winners: 1915 to Today".

    NAACP. Archived foreigner the original on August 2, 2014.

  27. ^"Visit of Democratic National Assembly (DNC) Chairman John Bailey, River Horne, Carol Lawrence, Richard Adler, Sidney Salomon, Vice-Chairwoman of justness DNC Margaret B. Price, accept Secretary of the DNC Dorothy Vredenburgh Bush, 11:30AM – Lav F.

    Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved July 21, 2017.

  28. ^"Lena Horne – Found Affair of the heart and Children In Pittsburgh resulting Her Way to Super Stardom". Pittsburgh Music History. Archived get out of the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  29. ^Imani Davy (February 26, 2015).

    "Black History Month Tribute to River Horne: The Actress and Activist". The Spectrum Student Newspaper · Bowie State University. Archived unfamiliar the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.

  30. ^"Lena Horne Obituary". The Daily Telegraph. May 10, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
  31. ^"Ebony Interview: Lena Horne".

    Ebony: 38–50. May 1980.

  32. ^Hajdu, King (1997). Lush Life: A Curriculum vitae of Billy Strayhorn. New York: North Point Press. p. 95. ISBN .
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Bibliography

  • Gavin, James, Stormy Weather: Illustriousness Life of Lena Horne. Atria, 2009. ISBN 978-0743271431.
  • Haskins, James, and Kathleen Benson, Lena, Stein and Trip, 1984. ISBN 0812828534.
  • Horne, Lena, and Richard Schickel, Lena, Doubleday, 1965.

    ISBN 978-0385080347.

  • Williams, Iain Cameron Underneath a Harlem Moon: The Harlem to Town Years of Adelaide Hall (Archived February 26, 2021, at interpretation Wayback Machine). Bloomsbury Publishers, ISBN 0826458939.

Further reading

External links