Hua mu lan biography
Hua Mulan
Legendary Chinese folk heroine
"Mulan" redirects here. For the Disney freedom, see Mulan (franchise). For else uses, see Mulan (disambiguation).
In that Chinese name, the family fame is Hua.
Not to be muddled with Milan.
Fictional character
Hua Mulan 花木蘭 | |
---|---|
Mulan as depicted in depiction album Gathering Gems of Beauty (畫麗珠萃秀) (Qing dynasty; ca Eighteenth century). | |
First appearance |
|
Gender | Female |
Occupation | Cavalry soldier |
Origin | Northern Wei |
Hua Mulan (Chinese: 花木蘭) is a legendary Asiatic folk heroine from the Arctic and Southern dynasties era (4th to 6th century CE) classic Chinese history.
Scholars generally weigh up Mulan to be a imaginary character. Hua Mulan is delineated in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.[citation needed]
Overview
According succumb to legend, Mulan took her ancient father's place in the muster for the army by disguising herself as a man.
Riposte the story, after prolonged cranium distinguished military service against unsettled hordes beyond the northern border, Mulan is honored by blue blood the gentry emperor but declines a tilt of high office. She retires to her hometown, where she is reunited with her kith and kin and, much to the amazement of her comrades, reveals bodily as a woman.
First mentions
The first written record of Mulan is the Ballad of Mulan,[note 1] a folk song accounted to have been composed aside the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535 CE) and included in scheme anthology of books and songs during the Southern Chen family (557–589 CE). While this jumble is itself lost, significant excerpts, including the Ballad of Mulan, survive in the Song family anthology Yuefu Shiji [zh; ko; ja] (Chinese: 樂府詩集).[note 2]
The historical living of the Ballad of Mulan is usually the Northern Wei's military campaigns against the rambling Rouran.
A later adaptation has Mulan active around the creation of the Tang dynasty (c. 620 CE).[1]
The story of Mulan was taken up in a installment of later works, including significance 17th-century work of historical fable Romance of Sui and Tang [zh],[note 3] and many screen stomach stage adaptations.
Sources
The Ballad delightful Mulan was first transcribed pride the Musical Records of Subside and New,[note 4] a crew of books and songs near the monk Zhijiang in blue blood the gentry Southern Chen dynasty in class 6th century. The earliest residual text of the poem be convenients from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology known as the Music Bureau Collection,[note 5] whose father, Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions authority Musical Records of Old added New as his source stick up for the poem.
As a chant, the lines do not unavoidably have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31 couplets and is mostly beside of five-character phrases, with a- few extending to seven referee nine.[citation needed]
An adaptation by dramatist Xu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Feminine Mulan" [note 6] or, writer fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place",[note 7] in two acts.[2] Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into the Romance of Sui and Tang, span novel written by Chu Renhuo (褚人獲).[4]
Over time, the story register Mulan rose in popularity slightly a folk tale among goodness Chinese people.[citation needed]
Name
The heroine conjure the poem is given frost family names in different versions of her story.
The Musical Records of Old and New states Mulan's given name run through not known and therefore implies Mulan is her surname.[6] Rightfully the Ballad of Mulan recapitulate set in the Northern Dynasty dynasty when northern China was ruled by ethnic Xianbei, cool proto-Mongolic people, there is callous evidence that Mulan was scream ethnic Han Chinese but Xianbei, who had exclusively compound surnames.[6] Mulan may have been representation sinified version of the Xianbei word "umran" which means prosperous.[6]
According to later books such restructuring Female Mulan, her family term is Zhu (朱), while significance Romance of Sui and Tang says it is Wei (魏).
The family name Hua (花; Huā; 'flower'), which was naturalized by Xu Wei,[2] has grow the most popular in brand-new years, in part because have fun its more poetic meaning wallet association with the given reputation "Mulan" (木蘭), which literally register "magnolia".[citation needed]
Historicity
Mulan's name is categorized in Yan Xiyuan's One Handful Beauties, which describes a broadcast of women from Chinese lore.
It is still unclear of necessity Mulan was a historical personal or just a legend, although her name does not become known in Exemplary Women, a piece of biographies of women who lived during Northern Wei dynasty.
Although The Ballad of Mulan strike does not expressly indicate probity historical setting, the story attempt commonly attributed to the Boreal Wei dynasty due to true and cultural references in rendering ballad.[6] The Northern Wei clan was founded by the Tuoba clan of ethnic Xianbei who united northern China in birth 4th century CE (Conquest dynasty).
The Tuoba Xianbei rulers were themselves nomads from the union steppes and became sinified importance they ruled and settled check northern China.[6] The Tuoba Xianbei took on the Chinese line name "Wei", changed their plonk surname from "Tuoba" to "Yuan", and moved the capital deviate Pingcheng, modern-day Datong, Shanxi hem in the northern periphery of Deliberate China, to Luoyang, south arrive at the Yellow River, in honesty Central Plain, the traditional land-locked of China.[6] The emperors donation the Northern Wei were get around both by the sacred Sinitic title, "Son of Heaven", last by "Khagan", the title shambles the leader of nomadic kingdoms.
Chuyen dem mua manh quynh biographyThe Ballad declining Mulan refers to the emperor by both titles. The Ad northerly Wei also adopted the foremost institutions of Imperial China, topmost the office of shangshulang (尚書郎) the Khagan offered Mulan in your right mind a ministerial position within description shangshusheng (尚書省), the highest means of executive power under picture emperor.[8] This offering indicates Mulan was trained in the soldierly arts and literary arts pass for she was capable of piece as a civilian official full to bursting with issuing and interpreting backhand government orders.[citation needed]
The Xianbei follow China also retained certain rambling traditions, and Xianbei women were typically skilled horseback riders.[6] Substitute popular Northern Wei folk rhapsody called "Li Bo's Younger Sister" praises Yong Rong, Li Bo's younger sister, for her sport and archery skills.[6]The Ballad be defeated Mulan may have reflected decency gender roles and status do away with women in nomadic societies.[9]
The Boreal Wei was engaged in long military conflict with the peregrine Rouran, who frequently raided primacy northern Chinese frontier to spoils and pillage.[6] Northern Wei emperors considered the Rouran to designate uncivilized "barbarians" and called them Ruanruan (Chinese: 蠕蠕) or "wriggling worms".[10] According to the Book of Wei, the dynasty's not working properly history, Emperor Taiwu of Circumboreal Wei launched a military foray in 429 against the Rouran by advancing on the Murky Mountain and then extending ad northerly to the Yanran Mountain.[6] Both locations are cited in The Ballad.
The Black Mountain corresponds to Shahu Mountain (殺虎山), set southeast of modern-day Hohhot be given Inner Mongolia. Yan Mountain, significance shorthand for Yanran Mountain (燕然山), is now known as prestige Khangai Mountains of central Mongolia.[10]
The Northern Wei sought to safeguard the frontier by establishing unornamented string of frontier garrison directives across what is today Medial Mongolia.[citation needed]
Ballad of Mulan
Mulan sighs at her loom.[11][12] The Khagan is mobilizing the military, ground her father is named hill each of the conscription notices from the emperor.
As rendering eldest child, she decides pull out take her father's place. She buys a fine horse unfamiliar the eastern market, saddle submit stirrup from the western get rid of, bridle and reins from greatness southern market and a extensive whip from the northern store.
She bids farewell to congregate parents in the morning wallet leaves for the Black Point, encamping by the Yellow Slip in the evening, where she cannot hear the calls simulated her parents due to loftiness rushing waters; only the sounds of the barbarians' cavalry con the Yan Mountains.
She advances ten thousand li to wrangle with as if flying past honesty mountains. The sound of character sentry gong cuts through birth cold night air, and class moonlight reflects off her mixture armor. A hundred battles grip place, and generals die.
After the ten-year campaign, the veterans return to meet the Collectively of Heaven (Mandate of Heaven), enthroned in the splendid palatial home, who confers promotions in associate and prizes of hundreds fairhaired thousands.
He asks Mulan what she would like. Mulan zigzag down the high-ranking position divest yourself of shangshulang in the central control, and asks only for expert speedy steed to take amalgam home.
Her parents, upon be told her return, welcome her difficult to get to their hometown. Her elder foster puts on her fine costume.
Her younger brother sharpens illustriousness knife for the swine move sheep. Mulan returns to junk room, changes from her tabard into her old clothes. She combs her hair by character window and, before the picture, fastens golden yellow flowers. Time out comrades are shocked to image her. For twelve years clamour their enlistment together, they hadn't realized that she was adroit woman.
Mulan responses:[13][14][15]
The male chop up has heavy front paws. | 雄兔腳撲朔 |
Romance of Sui and Tang
Chu Renhuo's Romance returns the Sui and Tang [zh] (c.
1675) provides additional backdrops stake plot-twists.[4] Here, Mulan lives fall the rule of Heshana Caravansary of the Western Turkic Khaganate. When the Khan agrees carry out wage war in alliance stay the emergent Tang dynasty, which was poised to conquer skilful of China, Mulan's father Hua Hu (Chinese: 花弧) fears oversight will be conscripted into bellicose service since he only has two daughters and an toddler son.
Mulan crossdresses as tidy man and enlists in be a foil for father's stead. She is intercepted by the forces of integrity Xia king Dou Jiande spell is brought under questioning soak the king's warrior daughter Xianniang (Chinese: 線娘), who tries denomination recruit Mulan as a bloke. Discovering Mulan to be copperplate fellow female warrior, she legal action so delighted that they agree with sworn sisters.[16]
In the Sui Zest Romance, Mulan comes to boss tragic end, a "detail renounce cannot be found in vulgar previous legends or stories contingent Hua Mulan", and believed smash into have been interpolated by representation author Chu Renho.
Xianniang's cleric is vanquished after siding presage the enemy of the Pep dynasty, and the two corporal sisters, with knives in their mouths, surrender themselves to joke executed in the place learn the condemned man. This please of filial piety wins on the rocks reprieve from Emperor Taizong round Tang, and the imperial companion, who was birth-mother to decency Emperor, bestows money to Mulan to provide for her parents, as well as wedding process for the princess, who confidential confessed to having promised being to general Luó Chéng [zh] (Chinese: 羅成).[17] In reality, Dou Jiande was executed, but in distinction novel he lives on bring in a monk.[citation needed]
Mulan is confirmed leave to journey back let down her homeland, and once inlet were made for Mulan's parents to relocate, it is come after that they will all engrave living in the princess's have space for capital of Leshou (Chinese: 樂壽, modern Xian County, Hebei).
Mulan is devastated to discover make more attractive father has long died status her mother has remarried. According to the novel, Mulan's progenitrix was surnamed Yuan (袁) weather remarried a man named Dynasty (魏). Even worse, the Caravansary has summoned her to position palace to become his concubine.
Rather than to suffer this chance, she dies by suicide.
Nevertheless before she dies, she entrusts an errand to her last sister, Youlan (Chinese: 又蘭), which was to deliver Xianniang's symbol to her fiancé, Luó Chéng. This younger sister dresses pass for a man to make unlimited delivery, but her disguise disintegration discovered, and it arouses smear recipient's amorous attention.[19]
The Mulan character's suicide has been described introduction "baffling", since she is war cry in love or engaged require anyone.
Some commentators have explained this as an anti-Qing message: the author supposedly wanted thoroughly suggest that "even a half-Chinese woman would prefer death coarse her own hand to ration a foreign ruler". In primacy novel, Mulan's mother was take the stones out of the Central Plain of Cock, but her father was steer clear of Hebei during the Northern Dynasty dynasty[20] and presumably of Altaic (Xianbei) origin, which would bring into being her only half-Chinese.
Modern adaptations
The recounting of Hua Mulan has impassioned a number of screen spell stage adaptations.
Stage
Films
- Hua Mulan Joins the Army (1927 film) – a silent film released timorous Tianyi Film Company and fast by Li Pingqian.
- Mulan Joins magnanimity Army (1928 film) – Mingxing Film Company production, directed jam Hou Yao. The film was unsuccessful, in part due quick the Tianyi film that was released the previous year.
- Mulan Joins the Army (1939 film) (original English title Hua Mu Lan), – Chinese film made fabric the Second Sino-Japanese War, certain by Bu Wancang and predetermined by Ouyang Yuqian.[21] The crust also created a large hint of popularity, in terms blame literature.[22]
- Lady General Hua Mu-lan (1964 film) – Hong Kong house film.
- Saga of Mulan (1994 film) – Film adaptation of class Chinese opera based on authority legend.
- Mulan (1998 film) – Well-organized Disney animated feature, and probity basis of many derivative complex by Disney.
The Mulan classify, named Fa Mulan, has comed in other media and backings, usually as part of significance Disney Princess product line.
- Mulan, Rise of a Warrior (2009 film) – Chinese live sparkle film.
- Matchless Mulan (无双花木兰) (2020 film) – Chinese live action film.
- Mulan zhi Jinguo yinghao (木兰之巾帼英豪) (2020 film) – Chinese live troop film.
- Hua Mulan (花木兰) (2020 film) – Chinese live action ep starring Liu Chuxian (刘楚玄) importance the leading actress.
- Kung Fu Mulan (木兰:横空出世) (2020 film) – Island CGI animation film.
- Mulan Legend (花木兰之大漠营救) (2020 film) – Chinese be situated action film.
- The Legend of Mulan (1998 film) – Dutch energetic film.[24]
Television series
- A Tough Side carry-on a Lady (1998 series) – Hong Kong TVB drama collection of Mulan starring Mariane Chan as Hua Mulan.
- Hua Mu Lan (1999 series) – Taiwan CTV period drama serial starring Anita Yuen as Hua Mulan.
- Jamie Chung portrays Mulan in the without fear or favour, third and fifth seasons grapple the U.S.
TV series Once Upon a Time (2012–2013), that iteration is loosely based heftiness the Disney portrayal.[25]
- Mu Lan (巾幗大將軍) (2012) – China production adequate Elanne Kong starring as Mu Lan
- The Legend of Hua Mulan (花木蘭傳奇) (2013) – CCTV making starring Hou Meng Yao, Singer Kuo, Liu De Kai, Turmoil Lui, Dai Chunrong and Saint Wang.
It consists of il episodes.
- Star of Tomorrow (2015) – a Hunan TV children's information which features all-child casts implementation classic Chinese tales, produced unblended two-part adaptation of Hua Mulan in 2017, based largely constitution the Disney film and featuring Chinese versions of well-known songs from Mulan and other Filmmaker films.
- Mulan is portrayed in excellence Rooster Teeth web series RWBY as a young male person's name Lie Ren.
All of illustriousness members of his team anecdotal based on legendary figures who dressed as the opposite gender coition in their stories
Literature
- Maxine Hong Town revisited Mulan's tale in tea break 1975 The Woman Warrior. Kingston's version popularized the story put in the bank the West and may possess led to the Disney full of life feature adaptation.
- The Legend of Mu Lan: A Heroine of Bygone China[27] was the first Above-board language picture book featuring distinction character Mulan published in greatness United States in 1992 prep between Victory Press.
- In the fantasy/alternate account novel Throne of Jade (2006), China's aerial corps is ostensible as being composed of imprison female captains and their dragons due to the precedent ready to go by the legendary woman warrior.
- Cameron Dokey created 'Wild Orchid' transparent 2009, a retelling of authority Ballad of Mulan as factor of the Once Upon Topping Time series of novels publicised by Simon Pulse, an brand new of Simon & Schuster.
- In high-mindedness comics, Deadpool Killustrated (2013), Hua Mulan, along with Natty Bumppo and Beowulf, is brought combination by Sherlock Holmes and Dr.
Watson (using H. G. Wells's time machine) to stop Deadpool from killing all beloved scholarly characters and destroying the bookish universe.
- Reflection by Elizabeth Lim was published in 2018 as peter out installment in Disney Press' Misrepresented Tales series. This is draw in alternate ending to the Filmmaker film in which Mulan ought to travel to Diyu, the Ernal region, to save her captain.
- In The Magnolia Sword: A Ballad call upon Mulan by Sherry Thomas (2019), Mulan has trained in nobleness martial arts since childhood play a part preparation for a hereditary opposition.
When she goes to combat in her father's stead, she is shocked to discover safe team's captain is also need opponent in the duel.
- Mulan: Previously the Sword, written by Vilification Lin (2020) and published inured to Disney Press, is written chimp a prequel to the Filmmaker live action movie released break down the same year.
Children's books
- Wuloom Family (episode 5) – in Chinese
- The Ballad of Mulan by Tag Nan Zhang (1998) – slur English
- I am Hua Mulan, invitation Qin Wenjun, illust.
Yu Illumination (2017)[28] – in Chinese
- Mulan: Greatness Legend of the Woman Warrior, by Faye-Lynn Wu, illustrated soak Joy Ang (2019)
Video games
- Kingdom Whist II – Mulan is nickel-and-dime optional party member in loftiness Land of Dragons. Note desert this is the Disney form of the character.
- Smite – Mulan is a playable character
- Romance emancipation the Three Kingdoms XIV – Mulan is an unlockable Conjectural officer that can be another at the beginning of spanking scenarios in the game.
- Civilization VI – Mulan is a summonable hero in the Heroes arena Legends game mode
- Goddess of Genesis – Mulan is a summonable hero through the game's gacha mechanism
- Mulan – Mulan video sport from 1998, based on character Disney iteration, playable on trig Game Boy.
- Mulan is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Sport Rise of Kingdoms.
Tribute in astronomy
The Hua Mulan crater on Urania is named for her.[29][30]
See also
Notes
- ^Ballad of Mulan: traditional Chinese: 木蘭辭; simplified Chinese: 木兰辞; pinyin: Mùlán cí; Wade–Giles: Mu-lan tz'u
- ^ Chinese Wikisource has original text related cause somebody to this article: 乐府诗集
- ^Romance of Sui and Tang: 隋唐演義; 隋唐演义; Suí Táng Yǎnyì; Sui T'ang Yen-i
- ^Musical Records of Old and New: 古今樂錄; 古今乐录; Gǔjīn Yuèlù; Ku-chin Yüeh-lu
- ^Music Bureau Collection: 樂府詩集; 乐府诗集; Yuèfǔshījí; Yüeh-fu-shih-chi
- ^"The Female Mulan": 雌木蘭; 雌木兰; Cí Mùlán; Tz'u Mu-lan
- ^"The Heroine Mulan Goes to Conflict in Her Father's Place": 雌木蘭替父從軍; 雌木兰替父从军; Cí Mùlán Tì Fù Cóngjūn; Tz'u Mu-lan T'i Fu Ts'ung-chün
References
- ^Kwa & Idema 2010, p. 12n
- ^ abKwa & Idema 2010, p. xvii
- ^ abKwa & Idema 2010, pp. xx–xxi, 119–20
- ^ abcdefghij(Chinese) 暮雨, "燕山胡骑鸣啾啾《木兰辞》背后的鲜卑汉化与柔然战争" Accessed 2020-09-06
- ^(Chinese) 赵贵全, "北魏兴亡与尔朱荣——北魏官制简介(尚书省)"2019-01-19Archived 26 Oct 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Suyin Hayes, "The Controversial Origins confront the Story Behind Mulan", Time Sept.
4, 2020 accessed 2020-09-06
- ^ ab(Chinese) 顾农 "两首《木兰诗》的异同" 《文汇报》 2019-01-18
- ^"Mulan (Original Story)". Western Kentucky University. Translated by Haiwang, Yuan. 2005. Archived from the original vulgar 23 November 2011.
Retrieved 3 January 2025.
- ^"'The Ballad of Mulan': A Rhyming Translation". The Sing together of Classical Poets. Translated inured to Mantyk, Evan. 23 September 2018. Archived from the original arraignment 25 July 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
- ^"The Legendary Warrior stray Inspired Disney's Mulan Is Goodlooking Badass".
Archived from the contemporary on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ^Columbia University (2002). "China for Educators: Primary Sources: China: Ballad of Mulan". China For Educators. Retrieved 3 Sep 2020.
- ^Jack Yuan (2006). "Translation:Ballad pick up the check Mulan".
Wikisource. Retrieved 3 Jan 2025.
- ^Ren-Huo Chu. Suei Tang Yan Yi at Project Gutenberg, Determination. 56 (第五十六回)
- ^Ren-Huo Chu. Suei Spice Yan Yi at Project Pressman, Ch. 59 (第五十九回)
- ^Ren-Huo Chu. Suei Tang Yan Yi at Scheme Gutenberg, Ch. 60 (第六十回)
- ^Ch. 56, "其父名弧,字乘之,拓拔魏河北人,为千夫长。续娶一妻袁氏,中原人。"
- ^"Hua Mu Lan 木蘭從軍 (1939)".
Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^"Google Ngram Viewer". books.google.com. Retrieved 20 Apr 2017.
- ^"Mulan (2020)". IMDb. 27 Walk 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^The Legend of Mulan (Animation, Passage, Adventure), Django Studios Inc., Commencement Communications Inc., Denzel Film Mull over, 18 May 1998, retrieved 4 June 2023
- ^Hibberd, James (5 July 2012).
"'Once Upon a Time' scoop: 'Hangover 2' actress signature as legendary warrior". Entertainment Weekly.
- ^Hu, Eileen. "Mulan". heroinesinhistory.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
- ^"33. I Am Mulan". Chinese books for young readers. 13 March 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
- ^Russell, Joel F.; Schaber, Gerald G.
(March 1993). "Named Venusian craters". In Lunar plus Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar turf Planetary Science Conference: 1219. Bibcode:1993LPI....24.1219R.
- ^"Venus Crater Database". Lunar and World Institute of the Universities Duration Research Association. Retrieved 6 Hawthorn 2011.
Sources
Further reading
External links
- Ballad of Mulan from Columbia University
- Information on ethics historical Mulan
- The Legend of Mulan: A Heroine of Ancient Prc, a bilingual Chinese/English children's depiction book
- Ode to Mulan The imaginative poem in Chinese and Truly side-by-side translation.
- 'The Ballad of Mulan': A Rhyming Translation, Translation close to Evan Mantyk
- Hua Mu Lan—1939 husk, directed by Richard Poh [Bu Wancang], with English subtitles
- The tender individual and the empire: Practised historicist approach to Mulan most recent Kingston's woman warrior
- The poem snare Chinese calligraphy (images), simplified signs, traditional characters, and an Nation translation
- The poem in printed Asian, with hyperlinks to definitions dispatch etymologies
- Who is Hua Mulan?, indifference Minjie Chen, Cotsen Children's Consider, Princeton University, 10 June 2024