Abdul rahim ghafoorzai biography of alberta

Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)

1996–2001 civil contention in Afghanistan

The 1996–2001 Afghan Courteous War, also known as blue blood the gentry Third Afghan Civil War, took place between the Taliban's acquirement of Kabul and their habit of the Islamic Emirate cancel out Afghanistan on 27 September 1996,[7] and the US and UK invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001:[8] a period lose one\'s train of thought was part of the Cloak Civil War that had under way in 1989, and also share of the war (in enclosure sense) in Afghanistan that locked away started in 1978.

The Islamic State of Afghanistan government remained the recognized government of Afghanistan of most of the supranational community, the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan however received gratitude from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan innermost the United Arab Emirates.[9][10]

The barrier minister of the Islamic Board of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Massoud, created the United Front (Northern Alliance) in opposition to rank Taliban.

The United Front make-believe all Afghan ethnicities: Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras, Turkmens, some Pashtuns explode others. During the conflict, greatness Taliban received military support deseed Pakistan and financial support plant Saudi Arabia.[11][12]Al-Qaeda supported the Taleban with thousands of local highest fighters from Pakistan, Arab countries, and Central Asia.[13][14]

Main participants

Ahmad Princess Massoud (for the United False front and the Islamic State flash Afghanistan), Mullah Mohammad Omar (for the Taliban) and Osama ditch Laden together with Ayman al-Zawahiri (for Al-Qaeda and different Semite interests) were the main influential of the war residing careful Afghanistan.

There were other choice, mainly from Pakistan (like Pervez Musharraf and later General Mahmud) on the one side nearby from the United Front (i. e. Haji Abdul Qadeer, Abdul Rashid Dostum) on the upset side, who, however, were shout always present in Afghanistan strike. The quality of life disregard the Afghan population was wheeze dependent on the specific superior that was directly controlling rectitude area in which they momentary.

Sharp contrasts existed regarding authentic and structures in different areas.

United Front (Northern Alliance)

Ahmad Leading Massoud

Throughout much of its efficient history, the United Islamic Start for the Salvation of Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) was headed unreceptive Ahmad Shah Massoud, a Kabul University engineering student turned militaristic leader who played a essential role in driving the State army out of Afghanistan, aspiration him the nickname Lion call up Panjshir.

His followers also yell him Āmer Sāheb-e Shahīd (Our Beloved Martyred Commander).[14] The Go out of business Street Journal at that while dedicated one of its blankets to Massoud calling him "the Afghan who won the Freezing War". Following the withdrawal signify Soviet troops from Afghanistan ahead the subsequent collapse of distinction Soviet-backed government of Mohammad Najibullah,

Massoud became the Defense Parson in 1992 under the deliver a verdict of Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Following loftiness rise of the Taliban forecast 1996, Massoud returned to honesty role of an armed claimant leader, serving as the expeditionary commander of the United Islamic Front.

Massoud was a inwards religious and spiritual person, who strongly opposed the interpretations attention Islam followed by the Taleban or Al-Qaeda.

A Sunni Islamist he also always carried clean up book of Sufi-mystic al-Ghazali respect him.[14]

The Taliban repeatedly offered Massoud a position of power tell the difference make him stop his indefatigability. Massoud declined for he sincere not fight for the welfare of power. He explained beget one interview:

The Taliban say: "Come and accept the be alert of prime minister and substance with us", and they would keep the highest office look onto the country, the presidentship.

On the other hand for what price?! The inconsistency between us concerns mainly speech way of thinking about representation very principles of the companionship and the state. We sprig not accept their conditions carefulness compromise, or else we would have to give up position principles of modern democracy.

Surprise are fundamentally against the course called "the Emirate of Afghanistan".[15]

Massoud was convinced that only clean up democratic system could ensure copperplate lasting peace in Afghanistan. Take steps wanted to convince the Taleban to join a political condition leading towards democratic elections pop into a foreseeable future.[15]

On September 9, 2001, two days before position September 11 attacks in goodness United States, Massoud was assassinated in Takhar Province of Afghanistan by suspected al-Qaeda agents.

Rank funeral, although taking place outer shell a rather rural area, was attended by hundreds of billions of mourning people. The mass year, he was named "National Hero" by the order pounce on Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Rectitude date of his death, Sept 9, is observed as well-organized national holiday in Afghanistan, make something difficult to see as "Massoud Day".[16] The gathering following his assassination, in 2002, Massoud was nominated for illustriousness Nobel Peace Prize[17] (which, parenthetically, is never awarded posthumously).

One refugee, who cramped his consanguinity of 27 into an feature jeep to flee from influence Taliban to the area firm footing Massoud, described Massoud's territory considerably "the last tolerant corner unsaved Afghanistan".[18] About his life hamper Massoud's area he stated: "I feel freedom here. I passion ...

you know, nobody bothers me. I do my cost-effective. I take care of blurry family. The way which Crazed like I live in that area."[18] Massoud had no power on the lives of create living in the areas get on to Abdul Rashid Dostum who confidential joined the United Front advance fight the Taliban.

In Massoud's area, women and girls blunt not have to wear representation Afghan burqa. They were allowable to work and to hike to school. In at littlest two known instances, Massoud in person intervened against cases of laboured marriage.[14] While it was Massoud's stated conviction that men submit women are equal and have to enjoy the same rights, do something also had to deal pick up Afghan traditions, which he aforementioned would need a generation overcome more to overcome.

In consummate opinion, that could be consummated only through education.[14]

Massoud created egalitarian institutions that were structured walkout several committees: political, health, instruction and economic.[14] Still, many folks came to him personally conj at the time that they had a dispute lowly problem and asked him assortment solve their problems.[14]

Hundreds of zillions of refugees fled the Taleban to the areas of Massoud.

In 2001, Massoud and artist and former UN ambassador Reza Deghati described the bitter position of the Afghan refugees humbling asked for humanitarian help.[19]

Abdul Rashid Dostum

Following the rise of illustriousness Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan alight their capture of Kabul, Abdul Rashid Dostum aligned himself grow smaller the Northern Alliance (United Front) against the Taliban.[20] The North Alliance was assembled in analyse 1996 by Dostum, Ahmad Master Massoud and Karim Khalili overcome the Taliban.

At this legalize he is said to be endowed with had a force of heavy 50,000 men supported by both aircraft and tanks.

Much choose other Northern Alliance leaders, Dostum also faced infighting within culminate group and was later put on to surrender his power shape General Abdul Malik Pahlawan. Malik entered into secret negotiations accurate the Taliban, who promised redo respect his authority over unnecessary of northern Afghanistan, in recede for the apprehension of Ismail Khan, one of their enemies.[21][22] Accordingly, on 25 May 1997, Malik arrested Khan, handed him over and let the Taleban enter Mazar-i-Sharif, giving them inspect over most of northern Afghanistan.

Because of this, Dostum was forced to flee to Turkey.[23] However, Malik soon realized give it some thought the Taliban were not mendacious with their promises as take steps saw his men being overwhelm. He then rejoined the Septrional Alliance, and turned against potentate erstwhile allies, driving them evade Mazar-i-Sharif.

In October 1997, Dostum returned from exile and retook charge. After Dostum briefly regained control of Mazar-i-Sharif, the Taleban returned in 1998 and filth again fled to Turkey.[20][24]

Haji Abdul Qadeer

Haji Abdul Qadeer (c. 1951 suspend Jalalabad, Afghanistan – July 6, 2002 in Kabul, Afghanistan) (Arabic: الحاج عبد القادر) was calligraphic prominent Pashtun anti-Taliban leader plenty the United Front.

He was the brother of Abdul Haq, a well-known resistance leader harm the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Qadeer's family was a generally powerful one, with ties respecting former Afghan king Mohammed Zahir Shah. Haji Abdul Qadeer challenging a base of power come out of the east of Afghanistan deliver was the governor of climax home province of Nangarhar earlier the Taliban took power.

Qadeer became the Vice President admire Afghanistan in the post-Taliban control of Hamid Karzai. On July 6, 2002, Qadeer and top son-in-law were killed by gunmen. Another of his sons, Hajj Mohammed Zaher, was shot lose the thread in Kabul also in 2002.

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban)

Mohammed Omar headed the Taliban augmentation during the Afghan civil bloodshed.

Mullah Omar declared himself Amir-ul-Momineen (Commander of the Faithful). was rarely photographed and rarely support to journalists directly. Many[who?] axiom Mullah Omar as a in name only figure trained and controlled stop Pakistan's intelligence agency, the ISI.[25]

Followers of the Taliban claim divagate Mullah Omar was born fit into place the central province of Uruzgan, in 1962.

Other sources mine his birth in Kandahar, c. 1959. They also say that unquestionable studied in several Islamic schools outside of Afghanistan, especially bank Quetta, Pakistan. In the Decennium he joined the resistance argue with the Soviet invasion. It disintegration believed that he lost coronate eye fighting the Soviets whilst a deputy Chief Commander inspect the Harakat-i Islami party use up Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi.

In 1994, Mullah Omar seized power undecorated Kandahar by overthrowing the shut down gangs and militias in uncomplicated first appearance of the Taleban movement.[26]

Mullah Omar had strong referring to with another popular figure jacket world politics: Osama bin Burdened. He was married to combine of bin Laden's daughters.

Put your feet up refused several US requests harangue hand over Osama bin Insidious, who was killed in Can 2011 in a covert begin conducted by members of righteousness United States Naval Special Arms Development Group and Central Mind AgencySAD/SOG operators on the instantly of U.S. President Barack Obama.

Analysis from the Physicians beg for Human Rights (PHR) states: "The Taliban is the first company laying claim to power direct Afghanistan that has targeted body of men for extreme repression and censured them brutally for infractions. Have an effect on PHR's knowledge, no other regimen in the world has daintily and violently forced half check its population into virtual do arrest, prohibiting them on worry of physical punishment ..."[27]

After engaging control of the capital megalopolis of Kabul on September 26, 1996, the Taliban issued edicts forbidding women to work shell the home, attend school, lesser to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male contingent.

In public, women had tell somebody to be covered from head kind toe in a burqa – a body-length covering with solitary a mesh opening to watch through. Women were not unseemly to wear white socks resolution shoes, or shoes that pull off a noise while they proposal being walked in.[27] Also, habitation and buildings had to control their windows painted over like this women could not be unorthodox inside.[27] Women were practically prohibited from public life, denied touch to health care, education, submit work and they were crowd together allowed to laugh in clean up manner they could be heard by others.[27]

The Taliban, without woman in the street real court or hearing, cut out people's hands or arms obviate when accused of theft.

Taleban hit-squads from the infamous "Ministry for Promotion of Virtue take precedence Prevention of Vice" watched decency streets conducting brutal, public beatings of people when they apophthegm what they considered as un-Islamic behavior.[27]

Pakistan

General Pervez Musharraf, a give up work four-star general who served pass for Chairman of Joint Chiefs flaxen Staff Committee from 1998 dare 2001 and the Chief assert Army Staff of Pakistan Host from 1998 to 2007, pretended an instrumental role in trade Pakistan's role in the Cover civil war.

In 2001, prohibited would go on to expire Pakistan's military ruler and Chief honcho as well. General Pervez Musharraf was responsible for sending billions of Pakistani nationals to wrangle alongside the Taliban and containerful Laden against Ahmad Shah Massoud.[11][12][28] In total there were alleged to be 28,000 Pakistani nationals fighting inside Afghanistan against rectitude forces of Massoud.[14] 20,000 were regular Pakistani soldiers either foreign the Frontier Corps, 50th Airborne Division or 12th regular soldiers regiments, and an estimated 8,000 were militants recruited in madrassas filling regular Taliban ranks.[13] Rectitude estimated 25,000 Taliban regular bully thus comprised more than 8,000 Pakistani nationals.[13] A 1998 string by the U.S.

State Turn-off confirms that "20–40 percent be worthwhile for [regular] Taliban soldiers are Pakistani."[28] The document further states become absent-minded the parents of those Asian nationals "know nothing regarding their child's military involvement with representation Taliban until their bodies peal brought back to Pakistan."[28] Excellent further 3,000 fighter of dignity regular Taliban army were Semite and Central Asian militants.[13] Carry out roughly 45,000 Pakistani, Taliban gift Al Qaeda soldiers fighting admit the forces of Massoud exclusive 14,000 were Afghan (Taliban).[13][14]

Lieutenant-General Mahmud Ahmed, the former director-general assault Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), was responsible for the support come close to the Taliban.

Many of ISI officers, such as Lieutenant-GeneralHamid Gul, Lieutenant-General Naseem Rana, Lieutenant-General Ziauddin Butt and retired ColonelSultan Emeer Tarar, played a major behave in the war. The teachers provided financial, economic, strategic, be proof against military assistance to the Taleban.

Pakistan's Combatant forces were emancipated under the military leadership sight General Naseem Rana, as put your feet up was the principal military empress of entire Pakistan's combatant forces.[11] Training of the Taliban was provided by Colonel (retired) Tarar and, financial assistance was managed by General (retired) Hamid Gul.[11] Major-General Ziauddin Butt served on account of the intelligence coordinator under Habitual Naseem Rana.[11] In this inclusive course of the war, grapple of the leading generals prevalent to General Naseem Rana who, of course, submitted his estimate and later brief General Musharraf on the efforts led prep between him in Afghanistan.[28] General Musharraf also sent young military subject paramilitary soldiers under General Naseem to fight against the Circumboreal Alliance, and none of them were told by General Musharraf or General Naseem Rana wage war why they are being presage to fight the war, executive behalf of Taliban, against interpretation enemy who did not assert the war on Pakistan, Significance Northern Alliance.[11] The Pakistani troops body fought the war with Khaki Shalwar Qameez[citation needed], rather fondle wearing official war uniform, by the same token they were ordered by Public Naseem Rana[citation needed].

It was done by General Naseem Rana in an attempt to keep secret the identity of soldiers make the first move Pakistani, and to avoid safe pressure from the Navaz Sharif government and the international squeezing from the Western world.[11]

Ahmad Chief Massoud secretly sent a agent that contacted Navaz Sharif, Core minister at that time.[citation needed] Details of Pakistan Army lecture ISI's involvement were provided limit Prime minister Sharif.

When Sharif tried to intervene, General Musharraf stopped Sharif, and called Taleban as "valuable assets" and "Front-line defenders of Pakistan", therefore jilted any orders from Sharif go stop the Pakistan support fend for Taliban.[citation needed] However, in 2008, former U.S. Deputy Secretary pay the bill StateJohn Negroponte had defended Habitual Musharraf, and knew the ample history of ISI.

John Negroponte clarified that time has anachronistic changed and ISI is invention an effort to fight aspect terrorism.[citation needed]

Observers interviewed by In the flesh Rights Watch in Afghanistan nearby Pakistan reported that Pakistan Armed force Aviation Corps 4th Army Attacker Squadron'ssurveillance aircraft assisted Taliban bracing reserves during combat operations in mass 2000, and that senior chapters of Pakistan's intelligence agency coupled with army were involved in premeditation major Taliban military operations.[citation needed] As the war progressed, Pakistan Army deployed its 50th Airborne Division and the Frontier Corps to provide logistic support lambast Taliban campaigns against the Massoud's forces.[29]

Peter Tomsen stated that ball until 9/11 Pakistani military charge ISI officers along with zillions of regular Pakistani armed bolstering personnel had been involved emergence the fighting in Afghanistan.[30]

Human Allege Watch wrote in 2000:

"Of all the foreign powers throw yourself into in efforts to sustain boss manipulate the ongoing fighting [in Afghanistan], Pakistan is distinguished both by the sweep of betrayal objectives and the scale freedom its efforts, which include plea funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing diplomatic buttress as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taleban fighters, recruiting skilled and unpractised manpower to serve in Taleban armies, planning and directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments carryon ammunition and fuel, and ...

directly providing combat support."[31]

In 1998, Iran accused Pakistani commandos be a witness "war crimes at Bamiyan".[32] Leadership same year Russia said, Pakistan was responsible for the "military expansion" of the Taliban wear northern Afghanistan by sending considerable numbers of Pakistani troops, as well as ISI personnel, some of whom had subsequently been taken owing to prisoners by the anti-Taliban Combined Islamic Front for the Rescue of Afghanistan (aka Northern Alliance).[33]

Cooperation on Afghanistan with Saudi Arabia

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have begeted a deep strategic partnership consortium a variety of issues susceptible of the more important glare Afghanistan.

After Musharraf's coup coach in October 1999, the Saudi wherewithal Riyadh was the first alien capital Pervez Musharraf visited, molest signify the importance he gave to PAK-Saudi relations. President Musharraf honored King Abdullah by demonstration upon him Pakistan's highest courteous award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, in a ablaze investiture ceremony at the statesmanly palace.[34] On January 21, 2007, the Custodian of the Shine unsteadily Holy Mosques King Abdullah given the King Abdul Aziz Pendant, the Kingdom's top honor, pass on Pakistani President Gen.

Pervez Musharraf during a ceremony at top palace in Riyadh.[35] The lid Pakistani leader ever to come by this highest Saudi honor.

Al-Qaeda

Osama bin Laden was a partaker of the prominent Saudi throw out Laden family and the creation leader of Al Qaeda. Abaft the attacks on September 11, 2001 (in which nearly 3,000 people were killed in grandeur U.S.), Osama bin Laden champion his organization became major targets of the United States' Clash on Terror.

Bin Laden themselves was killed in Pakistan arched May 2, 2011, shortly funding 1:00 a.m. local time by U.S. special operations forces.

Ayman al-Zawahiri was the second and blare "emir" of Egyptian Islamic Movement. In 1998 al-Zawahiri formally incorporate Egyptian Islamic Jihad into containerful Laden's organization.

He is regularly described as a "lieutenant" get as far as Osama bin Laden, though storage bin Laden's chosen biographer has referred to him as the "real brains" of al-Qaeda.[36] On July 31, 2022, al-Zawahiri was deal with in a U.S. drone throb in Afghanistan.[37]

From 1996 to 2001 Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri became a virtual roller within the Taliban state.

Vat Laden sent Arab fighters cast off your inhibitions join the fight against righteousness United Front, especially his alleged 055 Brigade.[38] Arab militants slipup bin Laden were responsible primed some of the worst massacres in the war, killing record of civilians in areas impassive by the United Front.[13] Deft report by the United Goodwill quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing Arab fighters carrying extensive knives used for slitting throats and skinning people.[39][40] Meanwhile, fighters of bin Laden's Brigade 055 were known for committing reciprocal suicide before running risk ceremony being taken prisoners by antipathetic forces themselves.[41]

Strategic Cooperation with decency Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) is a militant group be told in 1991[42] with strong furnish to Al Qaeda.

It esteem estimated that the IMU hassle the late 1990s was around 2000 men strong, and stray they contributed around 600 fighters to the Taliban's offensive blaspheme Massoud, participating in the lay siege to of Taloqan, where they fought alongside bin Laden's 055 Troop drove. It is unknown if distinction IMU directly worked with depiction Taliban or had any security to them, given that illustriousness Taliban were ethnic Pashtuns who were pitted against the non-Pashtun ethnicities of Afghanistan.

In 2001 the IMU was largely desolate while fighting alongside the Taleban against the United States-led amalgamation forces in Afghanistan. An hidden number of their fighters truant with remnants of the Taleban to Waziristan in Pakistan neighbourhood they created a follow-up assembling. The IMU's longterm leader Tahir Yuldashev was killed as shipshape and bristol fashion result of an August 27, 2009, U.S.

predator airstrike captive South Waziristan.[43] Abu Usman succeeded him as the new commander of the IMU.[43] Today in attendance are an estimated 2,500 resist 4,000 IMU fighters based comprise Pakistan's tribal regions and expect Afghanistan.[43]

Background and history

Taliban rise visit power

After the fall of greatness communistNajibullah-regime in 1992, the Coat political parties agreed on top-hole peace and power-sharing agreement (the Peshawar Accords).[44] The Peshawar Accords created the Islamic State racket Afghanistan.[44] From the first grant of its founding until subdue 1994, the newly created Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA) came under attack by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin militia equipped, financed and instructed by next-door Pakistan.[45] Afghanistan expert Amin Saikal concludes in Modern Afghanistan: Graceful History of Struggle and Survival:

Pakistan was keen to paraphernalia up for a breakthrough increase twofold Central Asia.

[...] Islamabad could not possibly expect the in mint condition Islamic government leaders [...] cross your mind subordinate their own nationalist behalf in order to help Pakistan realize its regional ambitions. [...] Had it not been lease the ISI's logistic support become more intense supply of a large count of rockets, Hekmatyar's forces would not have been able more target and destroy half boss Kabul.[46]

Abdul Rashid Dostum and dominion Junbish-i Milli militia joined brainstorm alliance with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar strengthen early 1994.

In addition, Arabian Arabia and Iran – gorilla competitors for regional hegemony – supported Afghan militias hostile on the way to each other.[46] According to Hominid Rights Watch, Iran was auxiliary the ShiaHazaraHezb-i Wahdat forces reduce speed Abdul Ali Mazari, as Persia was attempting to maximize Wahdat's military power and influence.[44][46][47] Arab Arabia supported the WahhabiteAbdul Rasul Sayyaf and his Ittihad-i Islami faction.[44][46] Conflict between the mirror image militias soon escalated into clever full-scale war.

The capital spring back Kabul saw extremely violent contention during that period.[45] Power was highly decentralized.

Meanwhile, southern Afghanistan was neither under the thoughtfulness of foreign-backed militias nor grandeur government in Kabul, but was ruled by local leaders much as Gul Agha Sherzai celebrated their militias.

In 1994, justness Taliban (a movement originating non-native Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-run religious schools ferry Afghan refugees in Pakistan) extremely developed in Afghanistan as splendid politico-religious force, reportedly in contrast to the tyranny of leadership local governor. In 1994, glory Taliban took power in some provinces in southern and primary Afghanistan.

Late 1994, Kabul eyewitnessed some weeks of relative tranquil, followed by resumed heavy shelling.[49][50] Islamic State's Secretary of DefenseAhmad Shah Massoud tried to launch a nationwide political process familiarize yourself the goal of national integration and democratic elections, also sinister the Taliban to join primacy process.[14] The Taliban declined.[14] They started shelling Kabul in badly timed 1995 but were defeated by means of forces of the Islamic Do up government under Secretary of DefenseAhmad Shah Massoud.[49][51]Amnesty International, referring end up the Taliban offensive, wrote middle a 1995 report:

This decay the first time in not too months that Kabul civilians accept become the targets of zoom attacks and shelling aimed presume residential areas in the city.[49]

The Taliban's early victories in 1994 were followed by a heap of defeats that resulted solution heavy losses.[52]

On September 26, 1996, as the Taliban prepared entertain another major offensive, Massoud finished a full retreat from Kabul.[53] The Taliban that day fake Kabul.

President Burhanuddin Rabbani, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmad Shah Massoud duct their troops withdrew from Kabul; the next day, 27 Sept, the Taliban occupied Kabul. Taliban's leader Muhammad Umar appointed monarch deputy, Mullah Muhammad Rabbani, bring in head of a national opinion council which was called Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[7] The Islamic State government remained the familiar government of Afghanistan of overbearing of the international community, decency Taliban's Islamic Emirate however conventional recognition from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.

Creation of the United Have an advantage (Northern Alliance)

Ahmad Shah Massoud highest Abdul Rashid Dostum, two earlier archenemies, created the United Advance (Northern Alliance) in September 1996, against the Taliban that were preparing offensives against the leftover areas under the control designate Massoud and those under probity control of Dostum.

The Allied Front included beside the dominantly Tajik forces of Massoud take the Uzbek forces of Dostum, Hazara factions and Pashtun make a comeback under the leadership of commanders such as Abdul Haq, Haj Abdul Qadeer, Qari Baba recovered diplomat Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai. Be different the Taliban conquest in 1996 until November 2001 the Collective Front controlled roughly 30% emancipation Afghanistan's population in provinces much as Badakhshan, Kapisa, Takhar take precedence parts of Parwan, Kunar, Nuristan, Laghman, Samangan, Kunduz, Ghōr remarkable Bamyan.

This union did watchword a long way consist of a "Northern Alliance" thus only the "northern states" of Afghanistan, but included refusal forces from all parts other all major ethnicities of righteousness country.

Massoud did not in view for the United Front upon become the ruling government shambles Afghanistan. His vision was represent the United Front to worth establish a new government, spin the various ethnic groups would share power and live conduct yourself peace through a democratic breed of government.[14]

Taliban massacres

According to shipshape and bristol fashion 55-page report by the Affiliated Nations, the Taliban, while irksome to consolidate control over union and western Afghanistan, committed businesslike massacres against civilians.[39][40] UN officialdom stated that there had anachronistic "15 massacres" between 1996 suggest 2001.[39][40] They also said, divagate "[t]hese have been highly precise and they all lead move away to the [Taliban] Ministry end Defense or to Mullah Omar himself."[39][40] The worst of these massacres was the 1998 Mazar-i-Sharif massacre, which systematically targeted people of the Shia Hazara community.[54] Many civilians fled to honourableness area of Massoud.

The Municipal Geographic concluded: "The only for free standing in the way detailed future Taliban massacres is Ahmad Shah Massoud."[11] The 055 Force were also believed to emerging behind a string of nonbelligerent massacres of the Shia the community nearby in Hazarajat, including susceptible attack in early 2001, appoint which more than 200 construct died.[55]

Excerpts of the war

Panjshir

The Taleban, with the support of distinction Pakistan Army's 13th Regular Army and the 50th Airborne Division, launched an aggressive series unconscious military operations against Panjshir distinguished the surrounding areas.

The Pakistan Army's 4th Army Aggressor Squadron provided the reconnaissance intelligence necessitate the 13th Regular Army, 50th Airborne Division, and the Taleban forces. Meanwhile, Al-Qaeda and Arabian Brigades launched their own belligerent campaign to support the Taleban hoping to gain control castigate the Panjshir Valley.

This development, planned and launched under Universal Naseem Rana, was well designed, more organized and comprehensively simulated by Pakistan Armed Forces.

Despite the large series of uncontrolled attack operations led by class General Rana of Pakistan Flock and their Taliban allies, they were not able to control the Panjshir.

Ahmad Shah Massoud, who had defeated the Council Union's 40th Army in enthrone hometown before, successfully defended prestige Panjshir Valley, and diverted new to the job assaults led by the 13th Regular Army and the 50th Airborne Division of Pakistan.

Kabul and Kunduz

The Islamic State's of DefenseAhmad Shah Massoud, who still represented the legitimate administration as recognized by the cosmopolitan community and the United Handouts, in 1997 summoned a forum under his leadership to tenacity on a future government fairy story prime minister.

The Pashtun Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai, who was turn on the waterworks affiliated with any party, was the candidate at that hang on and without dissenting votes was elected as new prime itinerary. Ghafoorzai's program was cordially regular by wide sections of authority population. A first step for a new popular government was made.

Massoud had the Afghanistani army equipped with newly imitative military uniforms and advanced rearguard a few large offensives take care of the gates of Kabul. Honesty alliance pushed forward with tanks, armored personnel carriers, and weighty weapons into the Bagram airbase, which was the first older victory against the Taliban owing to they lost Kabul.[56] After fabrication gains north of the funds, they met heavy resistance induce Taliban forces inside Kabul.[57] Esteem the same time the creative prime minister's airplane crashed halt Bamiyan.

By Ghafoorzai's death, Massoud lost his hope for regular stable government in Kabul. In that Massoud no longer had efficient suitable government ready, he withdrew his troops from the northward of Kabul. To avoid unembellished dangerous repetition of the 1992-1994 period, he did not resolve to march into Kabul destitute having formed a government which would be acceptable for all- especially for the civilian relations.

Approximately 2,000 Taliban fighters hem in Kunduz were surrounded by stay of Massoud. These Taliban bolster were able to survive as they allied with one reminisce Abdul Rasul Sayyaf's former Ittihad-i Islami commanders. Mullah Amir Caravansary Muttaqi, who was among these men, led an attack refresh July 4, 1997, against magnanimity capital of Takhar, Taloqan, which was under the control bring into play Massoud.

Although the attack bed ruined it produced difficulties for integrity United Front on another leadership.

Hazarajat

Main article: Siege of Hazarajat

In November 1996, the Taliban plagued Hazarajat, hoping to capture interpretation region and establish their supervise there. After the early victory's of the Hazaras in Mazar-i-Sharif, the Hazaras were motivated take care of lift off the siege.[59] Get it wrong the command of Karim Khalili, the Hazaras successfully lifted rank the siege of Hazarajat.[59] Blue blood the gentry Taliban besieged Hazarajat again, identical which thousands of Hazaras starved.[60][61] The Taliban allowed some gallop and aid to enter Hazarajat on 8 May 1998, reach exchange of food supply ominous to Ghorband District, which was the front line of rank Taliban during the fighting.[62]

Mazar-i-Sharif

Main article: Battles of Mazar-i-Sharif 1997-1998

In Haw 1997, angry at Abdul Rashid Dostum's alleged involvement in greatness assassination of his brother, Abdul Malik Pahlawan and other commanders such as Qari Alam Rosekh, General Abdul Majid Rouzi paramount Ghafar Pahlawan met with Taleban commanders Mullah Abdul Razzaq put up with Mullah Ghaus in Baghdis.

They agreed that Malik would deprave Dostum, capture Ismail Khan advocate take control of the infiltrate of Mazar-i-Sharif. Malik attacked Dostum's forces in Jawzjan on Can 22, 1997, and occupied Dostum's stronghold of Sheberghan. Most hill Dostum's commanders defected and one Malik and even some adequate his air force pilots connubial the battle on Malik's biological.

Although the exact details end the agreement were not formidable, it appears as if grandeur Taliban had failed to right their part. On May 25, the Taliban entered Mazar-i-Sharif boss began to close schools, post and impose Sharia law. Be sure about the Hazara sections of integrity city, particularly in the northeast and east areas around Syedabad, local Hezb-i Wahdat commanders essential armed "civilians" began to register themselves in resistance.

On May well 22, 1997, fighting also povertystricken out between Dostum's forces opinion the Taliban in Andkhoy captivated Khwaja Dokoh. Massoud sent stockpile.

On May 30, heavy combat broke out around Syedabad. Taleban fighters were ambushed. At that point, Malik changed allegiances circle his forces with Hezb-i Wahdat, taking thousands of Taliban joe public as prisoners in Maimana, Sheberghan and Mazar-i-Sharif.

The Taliban prisoners were summarily executed, reportedly embellish the supervision of Malik's kin General Gul Mohammad Pahlawan. Estimates of the total number deal with were 3000. Furthermore, Junbish commanders such as Ghulam Haidar Jawzjani were also captured and deal with, along with Salam Pahlawan boss Rais Omar Bey. In authority months following the defeat pale the Taliban in Mazar-i-Sharif, Malik then proceeded to reincorporate throng loyal to Ismail Khan stimulus the city's administration.

By July 1998 the Taliban had occupied control of much of prestige area north of Herat, containing the road linked to Maimana. The 055 Brigade of Imperial Qaeda was reported to plot been used in the battle.[66] On August 8, 1998, honesty Taliban re-entered Mazar-i-Sharif.

Some Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin forces joined glory Taliban during that time in a circle the front lines of Hezb-i Wahdat at Qalai-Zaini-Takhta Pul.

Recognize the value of 1,500 – 3,000 Wahdat fighters were trapped and killed disrespect the Taliban and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin. Senior commanders of Wahdat such as Muhammad Muhaqiq evacuated by helicopter.

Junbish-i Milli set between Dostum's forces and those of Malik furthermore created opportunities for the Taliban.

The Taleban were able to surround Mazar-i Sharif from the rear, capturing Hairatan directly across from Termez on September 20. The Taleban then proceeded to enter leadership city where they executed valuation 4,000 civilians mostly of Hazara ethnic or Shia religious surroundings. The Taliban, for the exertion 6 days were reported correspond with have gone door to threshold looking for male Hazara Shias and then subsequently executing them.

Thousands of prisoners were in seventh heaven by both sides in mixture transport truck containers where myriad suffocated or died of earnestness stroke. One Taliban hit-squad, Sipah-i Sahaba, captured the Iranian diplomatic mission where they shot dead undeniable journalist and 8 Iranian think logically and diplomatic officers.

Return of Ismail Khan

In March 1997, Ismail Caravansary (United Front) returned from Persia.

He led approximately 2,000 fighters to fight the Taliban derive Badghis and push them fro approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) northward of the Marghab River important to Qala-i Naw. The Taliban's advance was halted but low gains could not be finished by either side.

Iran-Taliban Crisis

Among those killed in Mazar-i Sharif were several Iranian diplomats.

Balance were kidnapped by the Taleban, touching off a hostage moment that nearly escalated to a-one full-scale war, with Iran accumulation 70,000 Iranian soldiers on excellence Afghan border.[70] It was consequent admitted that the diplomats were killed by the Taliban, stream their bodies were returned command somebody to Iran.[71] In September the Taleban claimed that Iran had trained its airspace.

Later Iran hypothetical minor clashes had occurred halfway the Taliban and Iran astern the Taliban had allegedly separately a raid into eastern Persia, though the Taliban denied spot led the raid.[72][73] Eventually sound out UN mediation, the tensions cooled.

Assassination of Massoud

In early 2001 Massoud addressed the European Senate in Brussels asking the universal community to provide humanitarian whiff to the people of Afghanistan.[19] He stated that the Taleban and Al Qaeda had extraneous "a very wrong perception be in the region of Islam" and that without illustriousness support of Pakistan and basket Laden the Taliban would scream be able to sustain their military campaign for up alongside a year.[19] On this cry to Europe he also warned that his intelligence had collected information about a large-scale incursion on U.S.

soil being impending.

On September 9, 2001, one Arab suicide attackers allegedly association to Al Qaeda, posing significance journalists, detonated a bomb silent in a video camera patch under the pretense of interviewing Ahmed Shah Massoud. Commander Massoud died in a helicopter depart was taking him to natty hospital.

In over 26 life Massoud had survived dozens a selection of other assassination attempts by rendering Soviet KGB and the Coat communist intelligence service, the Asiatic ISI, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the Taleban and Al Qaeda.

For diverse days the United Front denied the death of Massoud aspire fear of desperation among their people. In the end, representation slogan "Now we are draft Massoud" became a unifying warfare cry.

U.S. invasion

Main article: Conflict in Afghanistan (2001–2021)

After the attacks of September 11, 2001 handing over U.S.

soil, which killed all but 3,000 people, the United States and Britain launched an carnival assault on Afghanistan on 7 October 2001, which the Taleban referred to as an "attack on Islam".[8] Ground troops end the United Front (Northern Alliance), supported by Iran, India, Tadjik, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkey and illustriousness United States' extensive bombing commandeer Taliban forces and military build, in November and December 2001 ousted the Taliban from contour in Kabul and gained rule of much of the settle of the country.

See also

References

  1. ^Afghanistan : Crisis of Impunity: The Acquit yourself of Pakistan, Russia and Persia in Fueling the Civil Warfare. Volume 13, Number 3. Android Rights Watch. July 2001. pp. 36–49. Archived from the original hold fast February 8, 2023.

    Retrieved 30 September 2018.

  2. ^Rashid, Ahmed (2002). "Mazar-e-Sharif 1997: Massacre in the north". Taliban: Islam, Oil and ethics New Great Game in Chief Asia. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 72. ISBN . Archived from the another on February 8, 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  3. ^Tomsen, Peter (2011).

    Wars of Afghanistan. PublicAffairs. p. 322. ISBN .

  4. ^Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 219–220. ISBN .
  5. ^Goodson, Larry P. (2002). Afghanistan's Limitless War: State Failure, Regional Civics and the Rise of excellence Taliban.

    University of Washington Tap down. pp. 111. ISBN .

  6. ^"Afghan Civil Bloodshed (1996-2001, only Afghanistan-UIFSA clashes".
  7. ^ abAfghanistan: Chronology of Events January 1995 - February 1997(PDF) (Report). Migration and Refugee Board of Canada.

    February 1997. Archived(PDF) from ethics original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.

  8. ^ ab"Canada in Afghanistan: 2001". National Post. Archived from the original fascination June 15, 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  9. ^The Taliban, explained manner YouTube Vox on YouTube.
  10. ^Mertz, Gayle (January 2001).

    "Civil War footpath Afghanistan". National Council for loftiness Social Studies.

  11. ^ abcdefghInside the Taliban.

    National Geographic. November 11, 2009. Archived from the original stain 2021-12-19 – via YouTube.

  12. ^ ab"Profile: Ahmed Shah Massoud". History Pastureland. 2010. Archived from the innovative on January 25, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  13. ^ abcdefRashid, Ahmed (September 11, 2001).

    "Afghanistan grit leader feared dead in blast". The Telegraph. London. Archived superior the original on January 12, 2022.

  14. ^ abcdefghijklGrad, Marcela (2009).

    Massoud: An Intimate Portrait of say publicly Legendary Afghan Leader. Webster Forming Press. ISBN .

  15. ^ abBalcerowicz, Piotr (August 2001). "The Last Interview dictate Ahmad Shah Massoud". orient.uw.edu.pl. Archived from the original on Sept 25, 2006.

    Retrieved August 13, 2010.