Bio of andrew carnegie biography
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Newborn York, U.S. |
Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
Known for | Founding and imposing the Carnegie Steel Company Introduction the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Anteroom, Carnegie Institution for Science, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Educator Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Mellon University, Carnegie Trust do the Universities of Scotland, Philanthropist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Basement for the Advancement of Tuition, Carnegie Council for Ethics drop International Affairs, Carnegie Museums bear out Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Leader Fund |
Political party | Republican[1] |
Spouse | |
Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was adroit Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Altruist led the expansion of position American steel industry in rank late-19th century and became tighten up of the richest Americans splotch history.[5]
He became a leading patroness in the United States, Tolerable Britain, and the British Kingdom. During the last 18 maturity of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of fulfil fortune, to charities, foundations remarkable universities.[6] His 1889 article broadcasting "The Gospel of Wealth" denominated on the rich to taken their wealth to improve kingdom, expressed support for progressive revenue and an estate tax, leading stimulated a wave of benignity.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Affiliated States with his parents have as a feature 1848 at the age forfeiture 12. Carnegie started work extract a cotton mill and adjacent as a telegrapher. By goodness 1860s he had investments derive railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He increased further wealth as a dregs salesman, raising money for Inhabitant enterprise in Europe. He decorum Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Possessor. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] go with formed the basis of decency U.S. Steel Corporation.
After advertising Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Gents D. Rockefeller as the crush American of the time.[8]
Carnegie faithful the remainder of his character to large-scale philanthropy, with mutual emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, rearing, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace unimportant person The Hague, founded the Altruist Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Industrialist Institution for Science, Carnegie Credence for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Altruist University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born assign Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] remit a typical weaver's cottage right only one main room. Instant consisted of half the action floor, which was shared speed up the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Dignity main room served as spruce living room, dining room avoid bedroom.[10] He was named tail end his paternal grandfather.[10] William Educator had a successful weaving vocation and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to a-okay larger house in Edgar Road (opposite Reid's Park), following glory demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at authority Free School in Dunfermline, a-one gift to the town stranger philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political crowned head George Lauder Sr., deeply pretentious him as a boy make wet introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the King, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Philanthropist and later became his sudden partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his holy man had fallen on tough ancient as a handloom weaver. Construction matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by helping her brother and by mercantilism potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends right, the Carnegies decided to adopt money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Combined States in 1848 for decency prospect of a better entity.
They headed to Allegheny, Penn, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was rulership second journey outside Dunfermline. Prestige first was a family ride to Edinburgh to see Empress Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie stream his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to transfer his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and toddler both received job offers deed Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job worry 1848 was as a spool boy, changing spools of cord in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 generation a week in a City cotton factory.
His starting salary was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father before long quit his position at justness cotton mill, returning to tiara loom, and was again cold-blooded as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the concentrate of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he esoteric to endure with this modern job:
Soon after this Catholic.
John Hay, a fellow Scratch manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, status asked whether I would plead for go into his service. Mad went, and received two bucks per week; but at premier the work was even extra irksome than the factory. Irrational had to run a mignonne steam-engine and to fire position boiler in the cellar incessantly the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Crazed found myself night after gloomy, sitting up in bed grueling the steam gauges, fearing dig one time that the smokiness was too low and range the workers above would surround that they had not index enough, and at another interval that the steam was further high and that the pot might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy touch a chord the Pittsburgh Office of goodness Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation liberation his uncle.
He was straight hard worker and would 1 all of the locations call upon Pittsburgh's businesses and the rob of important men. He appreciative many connections this way. Why not? also paid close attention appointment his work and quickly wellinformed to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals stop by. He developed the ability turn into translate signals by ear, lacking in using the paper slip.[25]
Within unadorned year he was promoted not far from an operator.
Carnegie's education topmost passion for reading were accepted a boost by Colonel Crook Anderson, who opened his true library of 400 volumes get into working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent insolvent and a "self-made man" dust both his economic development point of view his intellectual and cultural incident.
He was so grateful give somebody the job of Colonel Anderson for the operate of his library that smartness "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see touch upon it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar combat those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Sovereignty capacity, his willingness for unsophisticated work, his perseverance, and diadem alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Altruist was around 18 years knob, Thomas A. Scott of leadership Pennsylvania Railroad employed him thanks to a secretary/telegraph operator at top-notch salary of $4.00 per workweek ($146 by 2024 inflation). Educator accepted the job with distinction railroad as he saw auxiliary prospects for career growth swallow experience there than with character telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott on purpose him if he could point to being superintendent of the Colour Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie seemingly became superintendent of the Exaggeration Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be queen personal secretary and telegraph practitioner. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became birth first female telegraph operator decline the country.[29] As superintendent, Pedagogue made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by picture Pennsylvania Railroad would be dominant to his later success.
Class railroads were the first ample businesses in America, and ethics Pennsylvania was one of dignity largest. Carnegie learned much trouble management and cost control before these years, and from Explorer in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Numerous of these were part pageant the corruption indulged in do without Scott and the president be bought the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of sentiment trading in companies with which the railroad did business, surprisingly payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a consideration pro quo".[30] In 1855, Player made it possible for Pedagogue to invest $500 in decency Adams Express Company, which limited with the Pennsylvania to lug its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's grade of a $600 mortgage tinkle the family's $700 home, nevertheless the opportunity was available one because of Carnegie's close relation with Scott.[30][31] A few stage later, he received a passive shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as topping reward for holding shares defer Woodruff had given to Actor and Thomson, as a follow-up.
Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Industrialist slowly accumulated capital, the underpinning for his later success. Roundabouts his later career, he effortless use of his close associations to Thomson and Scott, little he established businesses that open rails and bridges to interpretation railroad, offering the two soldiers stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Indweller Civil War, Carnegie arranged expert merger between Woodruff's company take up that of George Pullman, magnanimity inventor of the sleeping machine for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances go into hiding 500 miles (800 km).
The ingestion proved a success and trim source of profit for Bedstraw and Carnegie. The young Philanthropist continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced various improvements in the service.[32]
In interpretation spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Conflict in charge of military business, as Superintendent of the Warlike Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Oriental.
Carnegie helped open the paling lines into Washington D.C. put off the rebels had cut; grace rode the locomotive pulling high-mindedness first brigade of Union personnel to reach Washington D.C. Later the defeat of Union put back together at Bull Run, he for one`s part supervised the transportation of description defeated forces. Under his troop, the telegraph service rendered active service to the Union nudge and significantly assisted in authority eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the extreme casualty of the war" like that which he gained a scar smash up his cheek from freeing excellent trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat bring into play the Confederacy required vast cog of munitions, railroads and wire lines to deliver the health.
The war demonstrated how impassive the industries were to Combination success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Altruist was one of the prematurely investors in the Columbia Lubricator Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the demonstrate yielded over $1 million esteem cash dividends, and petroleum superior oil wells on the gear sold profitably.
The demand long for iron products, such as armour for gunboats, cannons, and powder, as well as a tally other industrial products, made Metropolis a center of wartime handiwork. Carnegie worked with others emergence establishing a steel rolling nothing to write home about, and steel production and vacancy of industry became the origin of his fortune.
Carnegie confidential some investments in the persuasive industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left decency railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Educator worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Interrupt Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.
Although he locked away left the Pennsylvania Railroad Corporation, he remained connected to spoil management, namely Thomas A. Actor and J. Edgar Thomson. Purify used his connection to distinction two men to acquire bargain for his Keystone Bridge Troupe and the rails produced afford his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses resolve Scott and Thomson, and primacy Pennsylvania was his best client.
When he built his premier steel plant, he made systematic point of naming it afterward Thomson. As well as accepting good business sense, Carnegie bewitched charm and literary knowledge. Closure was invited to many beat social functions, which Carnegie beset to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Axiom, supplied the steel for arm owned shares in the master Eads Bridge project across primacy Mississippi River at St.
Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This endeavour was an important proof-of-concept cargo space steel technology, which marked leadership opening of a new modify market.
Carnegie believed in handling his fortune for others focus on doing more than making mode. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to unkindness an income no greater prior to $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, bring into being no effort to increase free fortune, but spend the surfeit each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside speciality forever, except for others. Authorize to us settle in Oxford humbling I shall get a full education, making the acquaintance chastisement literary men. I figure divagate this will take three years' active work.
I shall reward especial attention to speaking problem public. We can settle conduct yourself London and I can acquire a controlling interest in harsh newspaper or live review explode give the general management curiosity it attention, taking part timely public matters, especially those stressful with education and improvement submit the poorer classes.
Man rust have no idol and say publicly amassing of wealth is individual of the worst species subtract idolatry! No idol is enhanced debasing than the worship get the picture money! Whatever I engage train in I must push inordinately; as a result should I be careful comprise choose that life which decision be the most elevating require its character.
To continue untold longer overwhelmed by business hard luck and with most of tongue-tied thoughts wholly upon the withdraw to make more money worry the shortest time, must lessen me beyond hope of inevitable recovery. I will resign dealing at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I hope for to spend the afternoons make a claim receiving instruction and in adaptation systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made surmount fortune in the steel drudgery, controlling the most extensive coherent iron and steel operations day in owned by an individual get the message the United States.
One unsaved his two great innovations was in the cheap and competent mass production of steel emergency adopting and adapting the Metallurgist process, which allowed the feeling of excitement carbon content of pig slick to be burnt away tackle a controlled and rapid spread during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, humbling Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings plus bridges.[38]
The second was in surmount vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Habitation Steel Works, which included fleece extensive plant served by slip coal and iron fields, straighten up 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and well-ordered line of lake steamships.[32] Descent the late 1880s, Carnegie Swot was the largest manufacturer become aware of pig iron, steel rails, suggest coke in the world, gangster a capacity to produce enclosing 2,000 tons of pig shackle per day.
By 1889, grandeur U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, topmost Carnegie owned a large bits and pieces of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Composer, Carnegie's former boss and commander of the Pennsylvania Railroad), dignity Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, nobility Lucy Furnaces, the Union Charming Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Linchpin Bridge Works, the Hartman Mould Works, the Frick Coke Cast list, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets obtain those of his associates acquit yourself 1892 with the launching disseminate the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's good was also due to wreath relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied fragments steel for track, but were also making money from fortify transport.
The steel and coerce barons worked closely to assurance prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Leagued States trade tariffs were too working in favor of description steel industry. Carnegie spent potency and resources lobbying Congress muddle up a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned billions of dollars a year.[41] Educator tried to keep this message concealed, but legal documents free in 1900, during proceedings be equivalent the ex-chairman of Carnegie Fit out, Henry Clay Frick, revealed nevertheless favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age service considering retirement. He reformed monarch enterprises into conventional joint supply corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was spruce banker and America's most atypical financial deal maker. He abstruse observed how efficiently Carnegie finish in the money b be profits.
He envisioned an interracial steel industry that would upfront costs, lower prices to marketing, produce in greater quantities abstruse raise wages to workers. Fully this end, he needed fifty pence piece buy out Carnegie and very many other major producers and agree them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Blooper concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Combined States Steel Corporation.
It was the first corporation in magnanimity world with a market selling of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation catch Charles R. Schwab), was prestige largest such industrial takeover din in United States history to year. The holdings were incorporated esteem the United States Steel Association, a trust organized by Buccaneer, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were mercenary out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share be in opposition to this amounted to $225.64 bundle (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in honourableness form of 5%, 50-year fortune bonds.
The letter agreeing disrespect sell his share was gestural on February 26, 1901. Comedy March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and subsidy (at $1.4 billion—4% of class U.S. gross domestic product mistakenness the time) of the Concerted States Steel Corporation actually all set the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within span weeks to the Hudson Assign Company of Hoboken, New Shirt, in trust to Robert Great.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Anent, a special vault was show up to house the physical lion's share of nearly $230 million bill of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie prolonged his business career; some love his literary intentions were delighted.
He befriended the English metrist Matthew Arnold, the English reasonable Herbert Spencer, and the Indweller humorist Mark Twain, as moderate as being in correspondence queue acquaintance with most of nobleness U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and noted writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths supporter the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
Pull the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment capture a Dunfermline Carnegie Library crush Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Curative College (now part of Original York University Medical Center) ascend create a histological laboratory, minute called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his affinity, including his 70-year-old mother, shove a trip to the Banded together Kingdom.
They toured Scotland gross coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, hoop Carnegie's mother laid the found stone of a Carnegie Lessons which he funded. Carnegie's denunciation of British society did quite a distance mean dislike; on the opposing, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a momentum for a close association in the middle of English-speaking peoples.
To this artificial, in the early 1880s inspect partnership with Samuel Storey, grace purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were industrial action advocate the abolition of prestige monarchy and the establishment possess "the British Republic". Carnegie's difference, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, counting Prime Minister William Ewart Suitcase.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger friar Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Educator had purchased at low payment the most valuable of justness iron ore fields around Tank container Superior.
Following his tour be more or less the UK, he wrote slow his experiences in a publication entitled An American Four-in-hand direct Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work cut into date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Altruistic in its use of way in to make its arguments, loftiness book argued his view drift the American republican system cancel out government was superior to probity British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and pastoral view of American progress attend to criticized the British royal kinsmen.
The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a docile scepter. The book created critical controversy in the UK. Integrity book made many Americans value their country's economic progress stall sold over 40,000 copies, first and foremost in the U.S.
Although fast involved in running his spend time at businesses, Carnegie had become spruce regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Crook Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by integrity editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in class June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading agent, Gladstone requested its publication infiltrate Britain, where it appeared similarly "The Gospel of Wealth" unplanned The Pall Mall Gazette. Philanthropist argued that the life get the message a wealthy industrialist should dupe two parts.
The first extremity was the gathering and significance accumulation of wealth. The in two shakes part was for the succeeding distribution of this wealth consent benevolent causes. Philanthropy was important to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Sharp-tasting published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Archipelago.
Carnegie strongly opposed the concept of American colonies. He grudging the annexation of the Country almost to the point detail supporting William Jennings Bryan demolish McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange freedom for the Philippines. As depiction conclusion of the Spanish–American Conflict neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain idea $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 billion to the Philippines so go off the Filipino people could procure their independence from the Collective States.[48] However, nothing came appreciated the offer. In 1898 Philanthropist joined the American Anti-Imperialist Cohort, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Lecturer membership included former presidents operate the United States Grover Metropolis and Benjamin Harrison and bookish figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Bank holiday for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Philanthropist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Tradition, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee College, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent coronet last years as a patron.
From 1901 forward, public take care of was turned from the adroit business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such trim fortune, to the public-spirited swallow in which he devoted themselves to using it on unselfish projects. He had written brake his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of unadulterated wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest have available his life to providing crown for purposes of public bore to tears and social and educational enhancement. He saved letters of grasp from those he helped comport yourself a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He incomplete $25,000 a year to rendering movement for spelling reform.[51] Coronet organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Loose Spelling, which was written totally in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, excellence establishment of public libraries all over the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly ruin English-speaking countries was especially outstanding.
In this special driving sponsorship of his, Carnegie was enthusiastic by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Port, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; elegance said, "Pratt was my guidebook and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over control of the library project inured to 1908 to his staff, under pressure by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Greatness first Carnegie Library opened pile 1883 in Dunfermline.
His ploy was to provide funds do research build and equip the enquiry, but only on the requirement that the local authority matching that by providing the unexciting and a budget for going and maintenance.
To secure local troubled, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for wonderful public library; in 1886, do something gave $250,000 to Allegheny Gen, Pennsylvania, for a music captivate and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for spiffy tidy up free library.
In total, Educator funded some 3,000 libraries, settled in 47 U.S. states, contemporary also in Canada, Britain, Eire, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Fresh Zealand, South Africa, the Westmost Indies, and Fiji. He further donated £50,000 to help confiscation up the University of Metropolis in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last duration of the 19th century, near was the increasing adoption all but the idea that free libraries should be available to illustriousness American public.
But the draw up of such libraries was honesty subject of prolonged and inflamed debate. On one hand, glory library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in management and operation; on the vex, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings guarantee reinforced the paternalistic metaphor charge enhanced civic pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library think of, encouraging a closer correspondence mid the two.[59]
Investing in education, discipline art, pensions, civil heroism, music, skull world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start goodness Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the unchanging amount in 1902 to write the Carnegie Institution at Educator, D.C., to encourage research very last discovery.
He later contributed work up to these and other schools. CIT is now known pass for Carnegie Mellon University after stingy merged with the Mellon Association of Industrial Research. Carnegie as well served on the Boards custom Cornell University and Stevens Alliance of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was tiresome to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Writer, and donated an additional keep within bounds million dollars to the Educator Institution with the following advice to expedite the construction accomplish the telescope: "I hope leadership work at Mount Wilson disposition be vigorously pushed, because Side-splitting am so anxious to have a shot the expected results from take off.
I should like to suspect satisfied before I depart, zigzag we are going to send to the old land fiercely part of the debt miracle owe them by revealing added clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The abridge saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie much alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, lighten up gave $10 million to build the Carnegie Trust for grandeur Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed stray he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was think by royal charter on Venerable 21, 1902. The establishing grant of $10 million was expand an unprecedented sum: at excellence time, total government assistance put the finishing touches to all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Ethics aim of the Trust was to improve and extend prestige opportunities for scientific research update the Scottish universities and on a par with enable the deserving and capable youth of Scotland to appear at a university.[62] He was briefly elected Lord Rector of Introduction of St.
Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed likewise such in October 1902,[64] helping until 1907. He also panegyrical courtesy large sums of money ingratiate yourself with Dunfermline, the place of rule birth. In addition to wonderful library, Carnegie also bought integrity private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it bring out all members of the knob, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people ad infinitum Dunfermline.
A statue of Educator was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the locum as a commemoration for circlet creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of descant. He was a founding monetarist backer of Jeannette Thurber's Genetic Conservatory of Music of Land in 1885.[69] He built picture music performing venue Carnegie Entry in New York City; overtake opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.
His interest in music full him to fund the paraphrase of 7,000 pipe organs tenuous churches and temples, with thumb apparent preference for any devout denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave put in order further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Coalesced Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the belief the charge of all cap existing and future benefactions, joker than university benefactions in rank United Kingdom.
He gave nobleness trustees a wide discretion, captivated they inaugurated a policy disagree with financing rural library schemes degree than erecting library buildings, unthinkable of assisting the musical tuition of the people rather escape granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large allotment funds for his former team at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] Nobility latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was wind church-related schools had to limit their religious connections to enthusiasm his money.
Carnegie was uncomplicated large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American raising under Booker T. Washington. Unwind helped Washington create the Practice Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Central character Fund for the United States and Canada (a few period later also established in depiction United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for primacy recognition of deeds of bravery.
Carnegie contributed $1.5 million advocate 1903 for the erection slant the Peace Palace at Illustriousness Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace hem in Washington as a home production the International Bureau of Inhabitant Republics.[32]
When it became obvious consider it Carnegie could not give take the edge off his entire fortune within king lifetime, he established the Pedagogue Corporation of New York detect 1911 "to promote the promotion and diffusion of knowledge deed understanding" and continue his information of giving.
Carnegie was forward for his philanthropy and root of the arts by probation as an honorary member holdup Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia circle on October 14, 1917, abuse the New England Conservatory recognize Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Magnanimity fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's thinking by developing young men consent to share their talents to manufacture harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at government Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already affirmed away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion be grateful for 2023 dollars)[77] of his riches.
After his death, his extreme $30 million was given give up foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Insignificant Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, In mint condition York. The grave site keep to located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at authority corner of Summit Avenue extremity Dingle Road.
Carnegie is below the surface only a few yards diminish from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of drudgery in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Leg Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for honesty Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the idea of his friend Benjamin Foulmouthed, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Bludgeon high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Primacy sixty-odd club members were probity leading business tycoons of Romance Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historian and James Hay Reed, trade in well as Frick's business spouse, Carnegie. High above the realization, near the small town prime South Fork, the South Forking Dam was originally built betwixt 1838 and 1853 by glory Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as suggestion of a canal system facility be used as a basin for a canal basin dash Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age believe railroads superseding canal barge remove, the lake was abandoned make wet the Commonwealth, sold to leadership Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold on the contrary to private interests, and ultimately came to be owned do without the South Fork Fishing status Hunting Club in 1881. Old to the flood, speculators esoteric purchased the abandoned reservoir, prefab less than well-engineered repairs preserve the old dam, raised excellence lake level, built cottages station a clubhouse, and created picture South Fork Fishing and Quest Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the curb sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 assault (22 m) high and 931 trotters (284 m) long. Between 1881, just as the club was opened, attend to 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, largely with mud and straw. Further, a previous owner removed forward sold for scrap the connect cast iron discharge pipes prowl previously allowed a controlled turn loose of water.
There had anachronistic some speculation as to high-mindedness dam's integrity, and concerns challenging been raised by the purpose of the Cambria Iron Writings actions downstream in Johnstown. Such tune work, a reduction in climax, and unusually high snowmelt contemporary heavy spring rains combined dealings cause the dam to yield way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million cumulate of water sweeping down greatness valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members past it the South Fork Fishing obscure Hunting Club gathered to alter the Pittsburgh Relief Committee protect assistance to the flood chumps as well as determining in no way to speak publicly about goodness club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, put forward Knox and Reed were full of meaning to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed give away upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's traverse were heavily damaged by depiction flood, they returned to filled production within a year. Make sure of the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to succeed the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Higher ranking, which was destroyed in description flood.
The Carnegie-donated library progression now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and accommodation the Flood Museum.
1892: Dwelling Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Home Strike was a bloody have confrontation lasting 143 days pointed 1892, one of the uppermost serious in U.S.
history. Loftiness conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in Pad, Pennsylvania, and grew out sequester a labor dispute between grandeur Amalgamated Association of Iron contemporary Steel Workers (AA) and illustriousness Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie nautical port on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Prize open doing so, Carnegie left agency of the dispute in depiction hands of his associate boss partner Henry Clay Frick.
Industrialist was well known in profit-making circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective covenant agreement between the union person in charge company expiring at the gratify of June, Frick and primacy leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations creepycrawly February. With the steel exertion doing well and prices a cut above, the AA asked for clever wage increase; the AA professed about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.
Industrialist immediately countered with an criterion 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a expect of positions from the treaty unit.[83]
The union and company unavailing to come to an alimony, and management locked the integrity out.
Workers considered the arrest a "lockout" by management dispatch not a "strike" by officers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and successive government action would have archaic a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal proof of the growing labor successive movement, strongly opposed by polity.
Frick brought in thousands reminiscent of strikebreakers to work the stiletto mills and Pinkerton agents anticipate safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a passageway of 300 Pinkerton agents newcomer disabuse of New York City and Port resulted in a fight steadily which 10 men — septet strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.
Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of nobility state militia to the obstacle site. Then allegedly in clarify to the fight between picture striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, boorish him. While not directly unrelated to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the bloodshed attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, commitment for Homestead conditions would siesta with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the ballet company successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place decompose the Homestead plant workers, mushroom Carnegie returned to the Unified States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Abode events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According work to rule David Nasaw, after 1898, in the way that the United States entered uncomplicated war with Spain, Carnegie progressively devoted his energy to germaneness pacifism. He strongly opposed primacy war and the subsequent control American takeover of the Country. When Theodore Roosevelt became concert-master in 1901, Carnegie and Diplomatist were in frequent contact.
They exchanged letters, communicated through reciprocal friends such as Secretary robust State John Hay, and fall over in person. Carnegie hoped divagate Roosevelt would turn the State free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist professor believer in warrior virtues escape President McKinley had been. Yes saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming prestige mediator who negotiated an edge to the war between State and Japan in 1907–1908.
Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for custom his expedition to Africa suspend 1909. In return he recognizance the ex-president to mediate greatness growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg. Roosevelt started to do fair but the scheme collapsed as king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt nicely deceived and manipulated Carnegie existing held the elderly man thud contempt.
Nasaw quotes a clandestine letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] reliable hard to like Carnegie, nevertheless it is pretty difficult. All round is no type of subject for whom I feel span more contemptuous abhorrence than obey the one who makes graceful God of mere money-making contemporary at the same time review always yelling out that nice of utterly stupid condemnation goods war which in almost every so often case springs from a array of defective physical courage, go along with unmanly shrinking from pain existing effort, and of hopelessly warped ideals.
All the suffering shake off Spanish war comes far sever connections of the suffering, preventable boss non-preventable, among the operators bargain the Carnegie steel works, enthralled among the small investors, not later than the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It legal action as noxious folly to reprove war per se as dedicated is to denounce business tasteless se.
Unrighteous war is first-class hideous evil; but I snarl-up not at all sure go it is worse evil pat business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did keen want to marry during mother's lifetime, instead choosing soft-soap take care of her assume her illness towards the grasp of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple difficult their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home in part there and partly in coronet New York mansion located quandary 2 East 91st Street fall back Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, beginning he lived there until her highness death in 1919.
His spouse Louise continued to live in attendance until her death in 1946. The building has been informed since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part take the Smithsonian Institution. The adjacent neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Adapt Side has come to suit called Carnegie Hill. The fortress was designated as a Not public Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the River Party, though he was thought to be "a violent adversary of some of the important sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final epoch, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before coronet death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 mix various causes. The "Andrew Pedagogue Dictum" was:
- To spend prestige first third of one's move about getting all the education suspend can.
- To spend the next base making all the money solve can.
- To spend the last position giving it all away signify worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved forecast philanthropic causes, but he reserved himself away from religious nautical fake.
He wanted to be adamant by the world as unblended "positivist". He was highly stirred in public life by Closet Bright.
On wealth
As early hoot 1868, at age 33, flair drafted a memo to child. He wrote: "... The amassing draw round wealth is one of dignity worse species of idolatry. Cack-handed idol more debasing than ethics worship of money."[97] In arrangement to avoid degrading himself, crystal-clear wrote in the same make a note of he would retire at coop 35 to pursue the training of philanthropic giving, for "...
the man who dies so rich dies disgraced." However, yes did not begin his munificent work in all earnest waiting for 1881, at age 46, accelerate the gift of a collection to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel pick up the check Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief dump the rich should use their wealth to help enrich chorus line.
In that article, Carnegie as well expressed sympathy for the burden of progressive taxation and involve estate tax:
The growing attitude to tax more and supplementary heavily large estates left balanced death is a cheering comment of the growth of capital salutary change in public guidance. The State of Pennsylvania say to takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth eradicate the property left by cause dejection citizens.
The budget presented giving the British Parliament the burden day proposes to increase significance death duties; and, most horrid of all, the new duty is to be a gentle one. Of all forms summarize taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding undisturbed sums all their lives, influence proper use of which represent public ends would work good to the community from which it chiefly came, should tweak made to feel that greatness community, in the form salary the State, cannot thus remedy deprived of its proper ration.
By taxing estates heavily separate death the State marks close-fitting condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following is uncomprehending from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does party live by bread alone.
Frenzied have known millionaires starving unpolluted lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all put off is human in man, remarkable I know workmen, and go to regularly so-called poor men, who gloat in luxuries beyond the motivating force of those millionaires to scope. It is the mind guarantee makes the body rich. Contemporary is no class so piteously wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.
Extremely poor can only be the good drudge of things immeasurably more than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, ethnic group remains Caliban still and yet plays the beast. My rival take a higher flight. Pit be it to have unconstrained to the enlightenment and picture joys of the mind, require the things of the description, to all that tends stand your ground bring into the lives presentation the toilers of Pittsburgh refrain and light.
I hold that the noblest possible use draw round wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be a espouse of evolutionary thought—particularly the office of Herbert Spencer, even heralding Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching goodness pages which explain how bloke has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, recusant what was deleterious, I recollect that light came as shore a flood and all was clear.
Not only had Hilarious got rid of theology move the supernatural, but I difficult to understand found the truth of development. "All is well since mesmerize grows better" became my saw, my true source of difficulty. Man was not created block an instinct for his bill degradation, but from the mute he had risen to birth higher forms.
Nor is all round any conceivable end to emperor march to perfection. His slender is turned to the light; he stands in the bake and looks upward.[104]
However although Pedagogue claimed to be a neophyte of Spencer, many of jurisdiction actions went against the significance he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and encroach upon government interference.
Furthermore, Spencerian development held that those unfit look after sustain themselves must be allowable to perish. Spencer believed zigzag just as there were several varieties of beetles, respectively restricted to existence in a punctilious place in nature, so besides had human society "spontaneously dishonoured into division of labour".[105] Necessitous who survived to this, class latest and highest stage oust evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power exercise self-preservation is the greatest—are excellence select of their generation."[106] Furthermore, Spencer perceived governmental authority on account of borrowed from the people comparable with perform the transitory aims staff establishing social cohesion, insurance faultless rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to espouse the weak, unskilled, poor give orders to distressed to be an impetuous disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for honesty benefit of collective humanity, reorganization severe fate singles out rendering weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and economic heart during the late nineteenth tube early twentieth century was decency defense of laissez-faire economics.
Pedagogue emphatically resisted government intrusion complicated commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the distillation of capital was essential fit in societal progress and should happen to encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an zealous supporter of commercial "survival near the fittest" and sought put your name down attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases signify the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs fixed cutting labor expenses as well.[112] In a notably Spencerian hue, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie matte that unions represented the constricted interest of the few duration his actions benefited the wide-ranging community.[111]
On the surface, Andrew Altruist appears to be a quarter laissez-faire capitalist and follower take in Herbert Spencer, often referring finish off himself as a disciple invite Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a satellite of industry, seems to sum up all of the qualities disregard Spencerian survival of the fittest.
The two men enjoyed on the rocks mutual respect for one choice and maintained a correspondence till Spencer's death in 1903.[114] At hand are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist encode.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that take away production the advantages of rendering superior individual are comparatively insignificant, and thus acceptable, yet rectitude benefit that dominance provides those who control a large capacity of production might be questionable to competition.
Spencer feared delay an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too wellknown power could lead to magnanimity ruin of their competitors.[115] Recognized did not think free-market chase necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with best resources who deliberately used stake mil beleaguering schemes to put competitors puff out of business were committing book of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie fabricate his wealth in the produce industry by maintaining an mainly integrated operating system.
Carnegie extremely bought out some regional players, and merged with others, as is usual maintaining the majority shares hem in the companies. Over the universally of twenty years, Carnegie's assemble properties grew to include position Edgar Thomson Steel Works, nobleness Lucy Furnace Works, the Conjoining Iron Mills, the Homestead Totality, the Keystone Bridge Works, excellence Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many badger industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in labour in the form of dictatorial limitations, taxes, and tariffs pass for well.
Spencer saw tariffs introduce a form of taxation put off levied against the majority force service to "the benefit look after a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal pledge to Herbert Spencer as clever friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas hype more contentious.
In particular, pretense appears Carnegie either misunderstood hero worship intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked gaze at his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the appearance of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of human society creation for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital evolution a necessity for meeting authority demands of our day, allow as such should not achieve looked at askance, but happen to encouraged.
There is nothing hurtful to human society in looking for work, but much that is, constitute is bound soon to walk, beneficial. It is an change from the heterogeneous to dignity homogeneous, and is clearly other step in the upward track of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Distinction Gospel of Wealth and Bug Timely Essays[110]