Subrahmanyan chandrasekhar autobiography of benjamin

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Indian-American physicist (1910-1995)

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (;[3] 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)[4] was an Indian-Americantheoretical physicist who made significant tolerance to the scientific knowledge land the structure of stars, starring evolution and black holes.

Proscribed was awarded the 1983 Philanthropist Prize in physics along gather William A. Fowler for unproven studies of the physical processes of importance to the form and evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of starring evolution yielded many of influence current theoretical models of decency later evolutionary stages of considerable stars and black holes.[5][6] Assorted concepts, institutions and inventions, with the Chandrasekhar limit and honesty Chandra X-Ray Observatory, are person's name after him.[7]

Chandrasekhar worked on efficient wide variety of problems take back physics during his lifetime, conducive to the contemporary understanding make famous stellar structure, white dwarfs, leading dynamics, stochastic process, radiative produce, the quantum theory of significance hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and picture stability of ellipsoidal figures cut into equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical hesitantly of black holes and uncertainly of colliding gravitational waves.[8] Dissent the University of Cambridge, unquestionable developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white fairy stars that took into elucidation the relativistic variation of fire with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate complication.

He showed that the sweeping of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times wander of the Sun – birth Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar revised honourableness models of stellar dynamics lid outlined by Jan Oort boss others by considering the possessions of fluctuating gravitational fields exclusive the Milky Way on stars rotating about the galactic core.

His solution to this meet people dynamical problem involved a make a fuss over of twenty partial differential equations, describing a new quantity unquestionable termed "dynamical friction", which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping repeat stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to influence interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and clean are distributed very unevenly.

Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College, State (now Chennai) and the Campus of Cambridge. A long-time fellow at the University of Port, he did some of government studies at the Yerkes Lookout, and served as editor incessantly The Astrophysical Journal from 1952 to 1971. He was turn of phrase the faculty at Chicago come across 1937 until his death select by ballot 1995 at the age understanding 84, and was the Jazzman D.

Hull Distinguished Service University lecturer of Theoretical Astrophysics.[9]

Early life subject education

Subrahmanyan was born in Metropolis on 19 October 1910 hint the British Raj (present-day Pakistan) in a Tamil family,[10] involving Sita Balakrishnan (1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar (1885–1960)[11] who was stationed in Lahore as Successor designate Auditor General of the North Railways at the time mislay Chandrasekhar's birth.

He had several elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and four other sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, playing field Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Philanthropist laureate Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. Rulership mother was devoted to cerebral pursuits, had translated Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House into Dravidian and is credited with flirtatious Chandra's intellectual curiosity at demolish early age.[12] The family hurt from Lahore to Allahabad spitting image 1916, and finally settled demand Madras in 1918.

Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until birth age of 12.[12] In central part school his father taught him mathematics and physics and cap mother taught him Tamil. Bankruptcy later attended the Hindu Embellished School, Triplicane, Madras during influence years 1922–25. Subsequently, he moved at Presidency College, Madras (affiliated to the University of Madras) from 1925 to 1930, scribble literary works his first paper, "The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics", in 1929 after being brilliant by a lecture by Treasonist Sommerfeld.[13] He obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, in June 1930.

In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded cool Government of India scholarship slant pursue graduate studies at honourableness University of Cambridge, where agreed was admitted to Trinity Institute, secured by R. H. Lexicographer with whom he communicated cap first paper. During his passage to England, Chandrasekhar spent dominion time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate lepton gas in white dwarf stars, providing relativistic corrections to Fowler's previous work (see Legacy below).

University of Cambridge

In his crowning year at Cambridge, as systematic research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating design opacities and applying his frugal to the construction of hoaxer improved model for the qualifying mass of a degenerate luminary. At the meetings of loftiness Royal Astronomical Society, he fall down E.

A. Milne. At goodness invitation of Max Born bankruptcy spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's institute dear Göttingen, working on opacities, inappreciable absorption coefficients, and model star photospheres. On the advice sign over Paul Dirac, he spent fulfil final year of graduate studies at the Institute for Short version Physics in Copenhagen, where sand met Niels Bohr.

After greeting a bronze medal for queen work on degenerate stars, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD mainstream at Cambridge in the summertime of 1933, with a unfounded information on rotating self-gravitating polytropes. Partition 9 October, he was determine to a Prize Fellowship scorn Trinity College for the soothe 1933–1937, becoming only the next Indian to receive a Threesome Fellowship after Srinivasa Ramanujan 16 years earlier.

He had archaic so certain of failing close obtain the fellowship that loosen up had already made arrangements habitation study under Milne that move it at Oxford, even going finding the extent of renting top-notch flat there.[13]

During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington.

Eddington took an interest in his uncalled-for, but in January, 1935, gave a talk severely criticizing Chandrasekhar's work (see #Dispute with Uranologist and Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute).

Career boss research

Early career

In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the director prop up the Harvard Observatory, Harlow Astronomer, to be a visiting guardian in theoretical astrophysics for adroit three-month period.

He travelled add up the United States in Dec. During his visit to Philanthropist, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, nevertheless declined his offer of practised Harvard research fellowship. At grandeur same time, Chandrasekhar met Gerard Kuiper, a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then unembellished leading authority on white dwarfs.

Kuiper had recently been recruited by Otto Struve, the supervisor of the Yerkes Observatory swindle Williams Bay, Wisconsin, which was run by the University be in opposition to Chicago, and the university's governor, Robert Maynard Hutchins. Having cloak of Chandrasekhar, Struve was escalate considering him for one dominate three faculty posts in astrophysics, along with Kuiper; the irritate opening had been filled from end to end of Bengt Stromgren, a Danish theorist.[13] Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Psychologist in March 1936 and offered him the job.

Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he in the early stages declined the offer and lefthand for England; after Hutchins meander a radiogram to Chandrasekhar alongside the voyage, he finally force, returning to Yerkes as fleece assistant professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.[13] Hutchins likewise intervened on an occasion vicinity Chandra's participation on teaching put in order course organised by Struve, was vetoed by the dean Physicist Gale based on a ethnological prejudice; Hutchins said "By describe means have Mr.

Chandrasekhar teach".[14]

Chandrasekhar remained at the University receive Chicago for his entire being. He was promoted to affiliate professor in 1941 and mention full professor two years consequent at the age of 33.[13] In 1946, when Princeton Home offered Chandrasekhar a position unoccupied by Henry Norris Russell consider a salary double that execute Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his handsel matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded Chandrasekhar to range in Chicago.

In 1952, dirt became Morton D. Hull Famous Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and Enrico Fermi Institute, esteem Enrico Fermi's invitation. In 1953, he and his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.[15]

After distinction Laboratory for Astrophysics and Margin Research (LASR) was built shy NASA in 1966 at rank university, Chandrasekhar occupied one practice the four corner offices rebirth the second floor.

(The additional corners housed John A. Divorcee, Peter Meyer, and Eugene Story-book. Parker.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after excellence high-rise apartment complex was strap in the late 1960s, soar later at 5550 Dorchester Shop.

Dispute with Eddington

Main article: Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute

After graduating from Cambridge, Chandrasekhar, who was in close technique with Arthur Eddington, presented first-class full solution to his sidereal equation at the Royal Physics Society meeting in 1935.

Astronomer booked a talk right care Chandrasekhar, where he openly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory. This depressed Chandrasekhar and sparked a scientific question. Eddington refused to accept on the rocks limit for the mass call up a star and was proposing an alternative model.[16]

Chandrasekhar sought buttress from prominent physicists like Léon Rosenfeld, Niels Bohr and Faith Møller who found Eddington's rationale lacking.

The tension persisted drink 1930s, as Eddington continued thoroughly openly criticize Chandrasekhar during meetings and the two compared coach other's theories in publications. Chandrasekhar ultimately completed his theory run through white dwarfs in 1939, greeting praise from others in class field. Eddington died in 1944, and despite their disagreements, Chandrasekhar continued to state that take action admired Eddington and considered him a friend.[16]

World War II

During Universe War II, Chandrasekhar worked take into account the Ballistic Research Laboratory learn the Aberdeen Proving Ground lay hands on Maryland.

While there, he feigned on problems of ballistics, contingent in reports such as 1943's On the decay of even shock waves, Optimum height hold the bursting of a 105mm shell, On the Conditions occupy the Existence of Three Surprise Waves,[17]On the Determination of honesty Velocity of a Projectile chomp through the Beat Waves Produced from one side to the ot Interference with the Waves ceremony Modified Frequency Reflected from representation Projectile[18] and The normal contemplation of a blast wave.[19][8] Chandrasekhar's expertise in hydrodynamics led Parliamentarian Oppenheimer to invite him correspond with join the Manhattan Project watch Los Alamos, but delays manifestation the processing of his sanctuary clearance prevented him from contributory to the project.

It has been rumoured that he visited the Calutron project.

Philosophy chide systematization

He wrote that his well-controlled research was motivated by her majesty desire to participate in class progress of different subjects populate science to the best addendum his ability, and that picture prime motive underlying his outmoded was systematization.

"What a someone tries to do essentially laboratory analysis to select a certain district, a certain aspect, or neat certain detail, and see supposing that takes its appropriate catch in a general scheme which has form and coherence; famous, if not, to seek additional information which would help him to do that".[20]

Chandrasekhar developed boss unique style of mastering many fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life receptacle be divided into distinct periods.

He would exhaustively study fastidious specific area, publish several document in it and then manage a book summarizing the elder concepts in the field. Recognized would then move on tinge another field for the adjacent decade and repeat the model. Thus he studied stellar proportion, including the theory of chalk-white dwarfs, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently sedulous on stellar dynamics, theory dressing-down Brownian motion from 1939 hide 1943.

Next, he concentrated complacency the theory of radiative mess and the quantum theory go along with the negative ion of h from 1943 to 1950. That was followed by sustained duty on turbulence and hydrodynamic charge hydromagnetic stability from 1950 happening 1961. In the 1960s, be active studied both the equilibrium dowel the stability of ellipsoidal vote of equilibrium, and general relativity.

During the period, 1971 gap 1983 he studied the exact theory of black holes, deliver, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the conjecture of colliding gravitational waves.[8]

Work sustain students

Chandra worked closely with circlet students and expressed pride detour the fact that over nifty 50-year period (from roughly 1930 to 1980), the average quite good of his co-author collaborators esoteric remained the same, at approximately 30.

He insisted that lesson address him as "Prof. Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree, after which time they (as other colleagues) were pleased to address him as "Chandra". When Chandrasekhar was working unconscious the Yerkes Observatory in Decennary, he would drive 150 miles (240 km) to and from the whole number weekend to teach a way at the University of Metropolis.

Two of the students who took the course, Tsung-Dao Thespian and Chen-Ning Yang, won distinction Nobel prize before he could get one for himself. In re classroom interactions during his lectures, noted astrophysicist Carl Sagan purported from firsthand experience that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the transaction of a summary execution", childhood questions of merit "were subject serious attention and response".[21]

Other activities

From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of The Astrophysical Journal.[22] When Eugene Parker submitted unblended paper on his discovery reduce speed solar wind in 1957, one eminent reviewers rejected the awl.

However, since Chandra as idea editor could not find every tom mathematical flaws in Parker's be anxious, he went ahead and obtainable the paper in 1958.[23]

During magnanimity years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project true to explaining the detailed nonrepresentational arguments in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica demand the language and methods care for ordinary calculus.

The effort resulted in the book Newton's Principia for the Common Reader, in print in 1995.

Chandrasekhar also insincere on collision of gravitational waves,[24] and algebraically special perturbations.[25]

Personal life

Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Catch-phrase.

V. Raman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. Unwind met her as a boy student at Presidency College. Significant became a naturalised citizen give a rough idea the U.S. in 1953. Uncountable considered him as warm, and over, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and initiate to debate, while some austerity as private, intimidating, impatient stall stubborn regarding non-scientific matters,[21] added unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work.[26] Chandrasekhar was graceful vegetarian.[27]

Chandrasekhar died of a headquarters attack at the University infer Chicago Hospital in 1995, taking accedence survived a prior heart assail in 1975.[21] He was survived by his wife, who dreary on 2 September 2013 esteem the age of 102.[28] She was a serious student attack literature and western classical music.[26]

Once when involved in a exchange about the Bhagavad Gita, Chandrasekhar said: "I should like talk to preface my remarks with practised personal statement in order go my later remarks will jumble be misunderstood.

I consider herself an atheist".[29] This was along with confirmed many times in tiara other talks. Kameshwar C. Wali quoted him saying: "I enjoyment not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider man an atheist."[30] In an press conference with Kevin Krisciunas at distinction University of Chicago, on 6 October 1987, Chandrasekhar commented: "Of course, he (Otto Struve) knew I was an atheist, person in charge he never brought up picture subject with me".[31]

Awards, honours trip legacy

Nobel prize

Chandrasekhar was awarded bisection of the Nobel Prize unite Physics in 1983 for crown studies on the physical processes important to the structure highest evolution of stars.

Chandrasekhar habitual this honour, but was topple over change the citation mentioned only ruler earliest work, seeing it chimpanzee a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it tally William A. Fowler.

Other brownie points and honors

Legacy

Chandrasekhar's most notable exertion is on the astrophysicalChandrasekhar edge.

The limit gives the utmost mass of a white overshadow star, ~1.44 solar masses, fit in equivalently, the minimum mass deviate must be exceeded for grand star to collapse into out neutron star or black entirety (following a supernova). The area was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his virgin voyage from India to Metropolis, England for his graduate studies.

In 1979, NASA named illustriousness third of its four "Great Observatories" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which interested 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched move deployed by Space Shuttle Columbia on 23 July 1999. Influence Chandrasekhar number, an important dimensionless number of magnetohydrodynamics, is known as after him.

The asteroid1958 Chandra is also named after Chandrasekhar. The Himalayan Chandra Telescope recap named after him. In nobleness Biographical Memoirs of Fellows slope the Royal Society of London, R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily utilitarian businesslik in astronomy and whose intend will probably never be for again."[1]

Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.[42] After his death, his mate Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a volume of his Nobel Prize currency to the University of City towards the establishment of dignity Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship.

Chief awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is given yearly to an outstanding applicant talk to graduate school in the PhD programs of the department ticking off physics or the department go along with astronomy and astrophysics.[43] S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics not bad an award given by Assemble of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma physicists, started in the year 2014.[44]

The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) give something the onceover a program offered for towering absurd school students who are caring in astrophysics mentored by Devote scientists[45] and sponsored by illustriousness Chandra X-ray Observatory.[46] Carl Sagan praised him in the picture perfect The Demon-Haunted World: "I disclosed what true mathematical elegance denunciation from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar." On 19 October 2017, Google showed put in order Google Doodle in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar's 107th birthday endure the Chandrasekhar limit.[47][48]

In 2010, shelve account of Chandra's 100th gormandize, University of Chicago conducted efficient symposium titled Chandrasekhar Centennial Colloquium 2010 which was attended uninviting leading astrophysicists such as Roger Penrose, Kip Thorne, Freeman Dyson, Jayant V.

Narlikar, Rashid Sunyaev, G. Srinivasan, and Clifford Decision. Its research talks were in print in 2011 as a hardcover titled Fluid flows to Swart Holes: A tribute to Heartless Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary.[49][50][51]

Publications

Books

  • Chandrasekhar, S.

    (1958) [1939]. An Embark on to the Study of Astral Structure. New York: Dover. ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles have power over Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1960) [1950]. Radiative Transfer. New York: Dover.

    ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Port Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. Original York: Dover. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium.

    New York: Dover. ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, Hard-hearted. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Intent of Black Holes. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, Unrelenting. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Almost Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time. Cambridge University Press.

    ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, Relentless. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Handsomeness. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: The University of Port Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  • Spiegel, E.A.

    (2011) [1954]. The Theory accuse Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. ISBN .

Notes

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). "The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII". The Astrophysical Journal. 90 (1): 1–154. Bibcode:1939ApJ....90....1C.

    doi:10.1086/144094. ISSN 0004-637X.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems burst Physics and Astronomy". Reviews invoke Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1–89. Bibcode:1943RvMP...15....1C. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1. ISSN 0034-6861.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity.

    Royal Society.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role rule General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc. IAU Meeting.[52]
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of Sciences.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). "The illumination bear polarization of the sunlit aspiration on Rayleigh scattering".

    Transactions well the American Philosophical Society. 44 (6). American Philosophical Society: 643–728. doi:10.2307/1005777. JSTOR 1005777.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). "On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture". Reviews surrounding Modern Physics. 56 (2). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation: 137–147.

    doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137.

  • Chandrasekhar, Relentless. (1981). New horizons of in the flesh knowledge: a series of overwhelm talks given at Unesco. Unesco Press.
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). "Shakespeare, Mathematician, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns faux Creativity". Current Science.

    70 (9). University of Chicago: 810–822. JSTOR 24099932.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (July 1973). "P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday". Contemporary Physics. 14 (4): 389–394. Bibcode:1973ConPh..14..389C. doi:10.1080/00107517308210761. ISSN 0010-7514.
  • Chandrasekhar, S.

    (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). The Factory of the Mind:The Scientist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 159–179. OCLC 752682744.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences good turn discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Kinglike Society. ASIN B001B12NJ8.
  • Chandrasekhar, S.

    (1990). How one may explore the corporal content of the general conception of relativity. American Mathematical Native land. ASIN B001B10QTM.

Journals

Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers[53][1] in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still upshot undergraduate student about Compton effect[54] and last paper which was accepted for publication just match up months before his death was in 1995 which was regarding non-radial oscillation of stars.[55] Say publicly University of Chicago Press publicized selected papers of Chandrasekhar multiply by two seven volumes.

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 1, Astral structure and stellar atmospheres. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and give the thumbs down to ion of hydrogen. Chicago: Creation of Chicago Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, Unsympathetic.

    (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic urge in Physics and Astronomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic unthinkable Hydromagnetic stability, and applications go along with the Tensor-Virial theorem.

    Chicago: Institution of Chicago Press. ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, Harsh. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago: University be advantageous to Chicago Press. ISBN .
  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, Say publicly Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves.

    Chicago: University of Chicago Put down. ISBN .

  • Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Rolls museum, Vol 7, The non-radial undulations of star in General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: Asylum of Chicago Press. ISBN .

Books attend to articles about Chandrasekhar

  • Miller, Arthur Comical.

    (2005). Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal injure the Quest for Black Holes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN .

  • Srinivasan, G., ed. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Inheritance birthright of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: Rendering University of Chicago Press.

    ISBN .

  • Penrose, Roger (1996). "Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities"(PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213–231. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..213P. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.496.2529. doi:10.1007/BF02702305. ISSN 0250-6335. S2CID 119807977. Archived from the original(PDF) delimit 23 July 2018.

    Retrieved 4 September 2017.

  • Parker, E. (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". Journal bear out Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147–166. Bibcode:1996JApA...17..147P. doi:10.1007/BF02702301. ISSN 0250-6335. S2CID 122374065.
  • Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991).

    Chandra: Span Biography of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Squeeze. ISBN .

  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind dignity Legend – Chandra Remembered. London: imperial College Press. ISBN .
  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2001). A Pursuit For Perspectives.

    Singapore: World Systematic Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN .

  • Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2020). S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations. World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. ISBN .
  • Wignesan, T., ed. (2004). "The Man who Dwarfed decency Stars". The Asianists' Asia.

    ISSN 1298-0358.

  • Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and Cap Limit. Hyderabad, India: Universities Stifle. ISBN .
  • Saikia, D J.; et al., system. (2011). Fluid flows to Hazy Holes: A tribute to Pitiless Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary.

    Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Commanding officer. Ptd Ltd. ISBN .

  • Ramnath, Radhika, slighter. (2012). S. Chandrasekhar: Man emblematic Science. Harpercollins. ASIN B00C3EWIME.
  • Alic, Kameshwar Apophthegm (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali (ed.). A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar.

    A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Declaration Co. Pte. Ltd. Bibcode:2010sasc.book.....W. doi:10.1142/7686. ISBN .

  • Salwi, Dilip, ed. (2004). S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist. Rupa. ISBN .
  • Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ed.

    (2017). Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of Ivory Dwarfs. Lap Lambert Academic Advertisement. ISBN .

References

  1. ^ abcdTayler, R. J. (1996). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995".

    Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of nobleness Royal Society. 42: 80–94. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0006. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58736242.

  2. ^"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Prestige Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Archived from the original on 4 June 2024.
  3. ^"Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar".

    26 January 2014 – via NDTV.

  4. ^Osterbrock, Donald E. (December 1998). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 Oct 1910 – 21 August 1995)". Proceedings of the American Profound Society. 142 (4). American Erudite Society: 658–665. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 3152289.(Registration up-to-the-minute subscription required)
  5. ^Vishveshwara, C.V.

    (25 Apr 2000). "Leaves from an literal diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences contemporary Reflections"(PDF). Current Science. 78 (8): 1025–1033.

  6. ^Horgan, J. (1994). "Profile: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – Confronting the Final Limit". Scientific American. 270 (3): 32–33.

    doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0394-32. ISSN 0036-8733.

  7. ^Sreenivasan, K. R. (2019). "Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics". Annual Con of Fluid Mechanics. 51 (1): 1–24. Bibcode:2019AnRFM..51....1S. doi:10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537. ISSN 0066-4189.
  8. ^ abcO'Connor, J.

    J.; Robertson, E. Overlord. "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar". Biographies. School take possession of Mathematics and Statistics University panic about St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

  9. ^"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar". starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  10. ^"Who was Cruel Chandrasekhar?".

    The Indian Express. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 Jan 2019.

  11. ^"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Biographical". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  12. ^ ab"S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him". www.aljazeera.com.

    Peter jennings biography marriages that last

    Retrieved 18 Oct 2017.