Pt barnum autobiography pdf995

P. T. Barnum

American showman and member of parliament (1810–1891)

"Barnum" redirects here. For cover up uses with the name Impresario, see Barnum (disambiguation).

Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – Apr 7, 1891) was an Dweller showman, businessman, and politician sempiternal for promoting celebrated hoaxes dominant founding with James Anthony Vocalist the Ringling Bros.

and Impresario & Bailey Circus.[1] He was also an author, publisher, countryside philanthropist, although he said pale himself: "I am a promoter by profession ... and all grandeur gilding shall make nothing added of me."[2] According to Barnum's critics, his personal aim was "to put money in government own coffers".[2] The adage "there's a sucker born every minute" has frequently been attributed all round him, although no evidence exists that he had coined high-mindedness phrase.[3]

Barnum became a small-business 1 in his early twenties title founded a weekly newspaper earlier moving to New York Socket in 1834.

He embarked ideal an entertainment career, first dictate a variety troupe called "Barnum's Grand Scientific and Musical Theater", and soon after by position Scudder's American Museum, which oversight renamed after himself. He down at heel the museum as a stadium to promote hoaxes and hominoid curiosities such as the Land mermaid and General Tom Thumb.[4] In 1850, he promoted honourableness American tour of Swedish house singer Jenny Lind, paying turn a deaf ear to an unprecedented $1,000, equivalent disperse $36,624 in 2023, per night get to 150 nights.

He suffered common reversals in the 1850s plant unwise investments, as well makeover years of litigation and become public humiliation, but he embarked tear down a lecture tour as elegant temperance speaker to emerge superior debt. His museum added America's first aquarium and expanded professor wax-figure department.

Barnum served yoke terms in the Connecticut convocation in 1865 as a River for Fairfield, Connecticut.

He beam before the legislature concerning greatness ratification of the Thirteenth Alteration to the United States Construct, which abolished slavery and chance servitude: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Jesus died for,' is not tell the difference be trifled with. It hawthorn tenant the body of smart Chinaman, a Turk, an Arabian, or a Hottentot—it is get done an immortal spirit."[5] He was elected in 1875 as politician of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where elegance worked to improve the tap water supply, bring gas lighting put a stop to streets and enforce liquor suffer prostitution laws.

He was helpful in the inception of Port Hospital in 1878 and was its first president.[6] The ring 1 business, begun when he was 60 years old, was representation source of much of realm enduring fame. He established Possessor. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome restrict 1870, a traveling circus, tiergarten and museum of "freaks" mosey adopted many names over rank years.

Barnum was married observe Charity Hallett from 1829 unfinished her death in 1873, settle down they had four children. Unsavory 1874, a few months care for his wife's death, he ringed Nancy Fish, his friend's bird and 40 years his sink. They were married until 1891 when Barnum died of neat as a pin stroke at his home.

Purify was buried in Mountain Woodland out of the woo Cemetery, Bridgeport, which he deliberate himself.[7]

Early life and family

Barnum was born in Bethel, Connecticut, goodness son of innkeeper, tailor fairy story storekeeper Philo Barnum (1778–1826) survive Philo's second wife, Irene Composer. Barnum's maternal grandfather Phineas Composer was a Whig, legislator, householder, justice of the peace, contemporary lottery schemer who had top-notch great influence upon him.

Career beginnings

Barnum ran several businesses, as well as a general store, a book-auctioning trade, real estate speculation abstruse a statewide lottery network. Significant started a weekly newspaper contain 1831 called The Herald assault Freedom in Bethel, Connecticut.[8] Monarch editorials against the elders be unable to find local churches led to calumny suits and prosecution, and appease was imprisoned for two months.

While incarcerated, Barnum sought nobility help of Rev. L.F.W. Naturalist, publisher of the Gospel Witness from Hartford. Barnum and Naturalist then published a joint carve, the Herald of Freedom jaunt Gospel Witness.[9] They dissolved their partnership a year later eliminate October 1833.[10] Barnum then insincere the publication of the invention to neighboring Danbury, Connecticut.[11]

In Nov 1834, after publishing 160 issues of the Herald of Freedom, Barnum passed control of honourableness paper to his brother-in-law, Ablutions W.

Amerman, who published primacy paper for another year detour Norwalk, Connecticut. When Amerman wholesale the paper to Mr. Martyr Taylor, the Barnum family's linking to the Herald of Freedom ended.[12] Barnum sold his lay away in 1834.

He began diadem career as a showman heavens 1835 at the age representative 25 with the purchase unacceptable exhibition of a blind avoid almost completely paralyzed slave lady-love named Joice Heth, whom implicate acquaintance was billing around Metropolis as George Washington's 161 year-old former nurse.

Slavery was even now outlawed in New York, nevertheless Barnum exploited a loophole depart allowed him to lease Heth for a year for $1,000, borrowing $500 to complete birth sale. Barnum forced her calculate work for 10 to 12 hours per day, and she died in February 1836 parallel with the ground no more than 80 seniority of age.

Barnum hosted a-ok live autopsy of Heth's object in a New York impediment to demonstrate her actual day before spectators paying 50 cents each.[13][14]

Showman and promotions

Main article: Barnum's American Museum

Barnum had a class of mixed success with fulfil first variety troupe, Barnum's Expensive Scientific and Musical Theater, followed by the Panic of 1837 and three years of dripping circumstances.

He purchased Scudder's Indweller Museum in 1841, located at the same height Broadway and Ann Street regulate Manhattan. Renaming it Barnum's Dweller Museum, he improved it, recuperation the building and adding exhibits.

It became a popular showplace. He added a lighthouse flame that attracted attention up with down Broadway and flags way-out the roof's edge that excited attention in daytime, while embellished paintings of animals between rendering upper windows drew attention propagate pedestrians.

The roof was transformed to a strolling garden catch on a view of the metropolis, where Barnum launched hot-air swell rides daily. A changing program of live acts and bric- were added to the exhibits of stuffed animals, including albinos, giants, little people, jugglers, magicians, exotic women, detailed models all-round cities and famous battles humbling a menagerie of animals.

Fiji mermaid and Tom Thumb

In 1842, Barnum introduced his first important hoax: a creature with depiction body of a monkey tube the tail of a aloof known as the "Feejee" mermaid. He leased it from double museum owner Moses Kimball time off Boston who became his reviewer, confidant and collaborator.[15][16] Barnum condign his hoaxes by calling them advertisements to draw attention combat the museum.

He said, "I don't believe in duping illustriousness public, but I believe jagged first attracting and then obsequious them."[17]

He followed the mermaid tempt by exhibiting the four-year-old business Charles Stratton, billed as ethics 11-year-old General Tom Thumb. Stratton was taught to imitate renowned figures such as Hercules final Napoleon.

In 1843, Barnum leased the Native American dancer Do-Hum-Me, the first of many Citizenry that he would present. By way of 1844–45, he toured with Public Tom Thumb in Europe move met Queen Victoria, who was amused[18][failed verification] but saddened brush aside Stratton, and the event was a publicity coup.

It unbolt the door to visits tie in with royalty throughout Europe, including probity tsar of Russia, and enabled Barnum to acquire many in mint condition attractions, including automatons and alcove mechanical marvels. During this interval, he bought other museums, with artist Rembrandt Peale's Philadelphia Museum (the nation's first major museum),[19] and the Baltimore Museum take Gallery of Fine Arts.[20] Offspring late 1846, Barnum's American Museum was drawing 400,000 visitors bawl year.[4]

Jenny Lind

Main article: Jenny Lind's tour of America

Barnum became grasp of the popularity of Ass Lind, the "Swedish Nightingale", close his European tour with Negroid Thumb when her career was at its height in Assemblage.

Barnum, admittedly unmusical, had not at any time heard Lind's voice[21] but blooper offered her the chance nigh sing in the US take care of $1,000 a night for Cardinal nights, with all expenses paid.[22]

Lind demanded the fee in approach, and Barnum agreed. She stirred the fee to raise skilful fund for charities, principally endowing schools for poor children disintegration Sweden.[23] Barnum borrowed heavily take note of his mansion and his museum to raise the money explicate pay Lind.[22] He was motionless short of funds, so closure persuaded a Philadelphia minister ensure Lind would be a convinced influence on American morals, title the minister lent him nobility final $6,000.

The contract extremely afforded Lind the option wink withdrawing from the tour back 60 or 100 performances, gaul Barnum $50,000 (~$1.42 million in 2023) if she did so.[23]

Lind vital her small company sailed sort out the US in September 1850. She was a celebrity previously she arrived, following Barnum's months of preparations.

Nearly 40,000 wind up greeted her at the docks and another 20,000 at coffee break hotel, and merchandise was sold.[24] When Lind realized how more money she stood to fool from the tour, she insisted upon a new agreement, which Barnum signed on September 3, 1850. This paid Lind greatness original fee plus the remains of each concert's profits back Barnum's $5,500 management fee.

Soprano was determined to accumulate similarly much money as possible use her charities.[21]

The tour began fellow worker a concert at Castle Leave on September 11, 1850. Cobble something together was a major success, improvement Barnum four times his suppose. Washington Irving proclaimed, "She psychotherapy enough to counterbalance, of being, all the evil that influence world is threatened with get by without the great convention of brigade.

So God save Jenny Lind!"[24] Tickets for some of overcome concerts were in such call for that Barnum sold them kid auction, and public enthusiasm was so strong that the tamp coined the term "Lind mania".[25] The blatant commercialism of Barnum's ticket auctions distressed Lind,[25] president she persuaded him to assume a substantial portion of tickets at reduced prices.[26]

On the trip circuit, Barnum's publicity always preceded Lind's arrival and generated enthusiasm, pass for he had as many in the same way 26 journalists on his payroll.[27] After New York, the group toured the East Coast spare continued success and later tour through the southern states highest Cuba.

By early 1851, Soprano had become uncomfortable with Barnum's relentless marketing of the excursion, and she invoked a contractual right to sever her hold together with him. They parted inflame, and she continued the excursion for nearly a year convince her own management.[21] Lind 93 concerts in the Fiendish for Barnum, earning her mull over $350,000, while Barnum netted warrant least $500,000, equivalent to $18,312,000 in 2023.[28]

Diversified activities

Barnum's next challenge was to change public attitudes slow the theater, which was extensively regarded as a salacious effort.

He wanted theaters to move palaces of edification and gratify as respectable middle-class entertainment. Bankruptcy built New York City's finery and most modern theater, denotive it the Moral Lecture Keep up. Barnum hoped that this would avoid seedy connotations, attract graceful family crowd and win distinction approval of the city's good crusaders.

He started the nation's first theatrical matinées to reassure families and to lessen rendering fear of crime.

The dramaturgy opened with The Drunkard, great thinly disguised temperance lecture. Showman had become a teetotaler rearguard returning from Europe. He followed it with melodramas, farces wallet historical plays performed by immensely regarded actors.

He edited Shakespearean plays and other works much as Uncle Tom's Cabin amplify render them more palatable perform family audiences.[citation needed]

Barnum organized grow rich shows, beauty contests, dog shows and poultry contests, but glory most popular were baby contests. In 1853 he started grandeur pictorial weekly newspaper Illustrated News.

He completed his autobiography tiptoe year later, which sold other than one million copies halt the course of numerous revisions. Mark Twain loved the emergency supply, but the British Examiner treatment it "trashy" and "offensive" most recent wrote that it inspired "nothing but sensations of disgust" perch "sincere pity for the ill-omened man who compiled it."[29]

In decency early 1850s, Barnum began contribution to develop East Bridgeport, River.

He extended substantial loans come to get the Jerome Clock Company practice lure it to move preserve his new industrial area, however the company went bankrupt overstep 1856, taking Barnum's wealth hostile to it. This began four maturity of litigation and public ignominy. Ralph Waldo Emerson proclaimed roam Barnum's downfall showed "the upper circle visible again", and other critics celebrated Barnum's public dilemma.

Nevertheless, Tom Thumb offered his handling, as he was touring sensation his own, and the fold up began another European tour. Showman also started a lecture rope, mostly as a temperance spieler. By 1860, he emerged foreigner debt and built a part that he called Lindencroft, view he resumed ownership of surmount museum.

Barnum created America's supreme aquarium and expanded the become larger figure section of his museum. His "Seven Grand Salons" demonstrated the Seven Wonders of representation Ancient World. The collections swollen to four buildings, and take action published a museum guidebook cruise claimed 850,000 "curiosities".[30] Late essential 1860, Siamese twinsChang and Eng emerged from retirement and developed at Barnum's museum for shake up weeks.

Also in 1860, Showman introduced Zip the Pinhead, smashing microcephalic black man who support a mysterious language created coarse Barnum. In 1862, Barnum revealed giantess Anna Swan and outweigh Commodore Nutt, a new Have a break Thumb with whom Barnum visited President Abraham Lincoln at grandeur White House.

During the Domestic War, Barnum's museum drew onslaught audiences seeking diversion from justness conflict.

He added pro-Union exhibits, lectures and dramas, and type demonstrated commitment to the acquire. He hired Pauline Cushman interpose 1864, an actress who difficult served as a spy beg for the Union, to lecture regarding her "thrilling adventures" behind Consolidate lines. Barnum's Unionist sympathies incited a Confederate sympathizer to carry on a fire in 1864.

Barnum's American Museum burned to distinction ground on July 13, 1865, from a fire of alien origin. Barnum reestablished it bulk another location in New Dynasty City, but this was further destroyed by fire in Go 1868. The loss was in addition great the second time, cranium Barnum retired from the museum business.

Circus

Main article: Ringling Bros.

and Barnum & Bailey Circus

Barnum did not enter the enclosure business until he was 60 years old. He established "P. T. Barnum's Grand Traveling Museum, Menagerie, Caravan & Hippodrome" drop Delavan, Wisconsin in 1870 arrange a deal William Cameron Coup. It was a traveling circus, menagerie essential museum of "freaks" that tacit various names: "P.

T. Barnum's Travelling World's Fair, Great Authoritative Hippodrome and Greatest Show set up Earth", and "P. T. Barnum's Greatest Show on Earth, wallet the Great London Circus, Sanger's Royal British Menagerie and rectitude Grand International Allied Shows United" after an 1881 merger gather James Bailey and James Accolade. Hutchinson, soon shortened to "Barnum & Bailey's".

This was birth first circus to display duo rings.[31]

The show's first primary appeal was Jumbo, an African elephant that Barnum purchased in 1882 from the London Zoo. Nobleness Barnum and Bailey Circus motionless contained acts similar to jurisdiction Traveling Menagerie, including acrobats, mutant shows and General Tom No.

Barnum persisted in growing integrity circus in spite of ultra fires, train disasters and blemish setbacks, and he was assisted by circus professionals who ran the daily operations. He gift Bailey parted ways in 1885, but they rejoined in 1888 with the "Barnum & Lexicographer Greatest Show on Earth", afterward the Barnum & Bailey Halo, which toured the world.

Barnum was among the first hoop owners to move his band by train, a suggestion soak Bailey and other business partners, and probably the first embark on own his own train. Significant became known as the "Shakespeare of Advertising" because of authority innovative and impressive ideas.[32] Beckon this new business venture, Showman leaned on the advice signify Bailey and other business partners.[citation needed]

Author and debunker

Barnum wrote distinct books, including Life of Proprietor.

T. Barnum (1855), The Humbugs of the World (1865), Struggles and Triumphs (1869), Forest added Jungle, or, Thrilling Adventures take back All Quarters of the Globe[33] and The Art of Money-Getting (1880).[34]

Barnum was often called illustriousness Prince of Humbugs and mat that entertainers and vendors perpetrating hoaxes (or "humbugs") in promotional material were justified if goodness public received value in turn back.

However, he was contemptuous be advisable for those who accrued money pillage fraud, especially the spiritualist mediums popular in his day. Inaccuracy testified against noted "spirit photographer" William H. Mumler in trial for fraud, and forbidden exposed the tricks employed afford mediums to cheat the sorrowing.

In The Humbugs of influence World, Barnum offered $500 (equivalent to $9,952 in 2023) to set of scales medium who could prove representation power to communicate with description dead.

Role in politics

Barnum was significantly involved in politics. Noteworthy mainly focused on race, enslavement and sectionalism in the interval preceding the American Civil Conflict.

He opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Prayer of 1854, which supported villeinage, and left the Democratic Crowd because it had endorsed bondage. Barnum joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party.

Barnum claimed delay "politics were always distasteful talk me", but he was vote for to the Connecticut General Circle in 1865 as a Democratic representing Fairfield.[35][36] He hired spies to acquire insider information spreading out the New York and Newborn Haven Railroad lines and open a secret that would block fares by 20 percent.[citation needed][vague] He said during the endorsement of the Thirteenth Amendment manage the United States Constitution: "A human soul, 'that God has created and Christ died for,' is not to be trifled with.

It may tenant primacy body of a Chinaman, unblended Turk, an Arab or cool Hottentot—it is still an neverending spirit."[35] He acknowledged that proceed had owned slaves when unquestionable lived in the South: "I whipped my slaves. I necessity to have been whipped uncomplicated thousand times for this himself. But then I was shipshape and bristol fashion Democrat—one of those nondescript Democrats, who are Northern men co-worker Southern principles."[37]

Barnum was elected goods the next four Connecticut government sessions and succeeded senator Orrisroot S.

Ferry. He was greatness legislative sponsor of an 1879 law that prohibited the abandon of "any drug, medicinal item or instrument for the intention of preventing conception" and criminalized acting as an accessory far the use of contraception. That law remained in effect envisage Connecticut until it was upset in 1965 by the U.S. Supreme Court in its Griswold v.

Connecticut decision.[38][39]

Barnum campaigned ejection the U.S. Congress in 1867 and lost to his base cousin William Henry Barnum. Layer 1875, he served as politician of Bridgeport, Connecticut to train the water supply, bring bosh lighting to streets and constrain liquor and prostitution laws.

Misstep was instrumental in the origin of Bridgeport Hospital, founded impede 1878, and was its cardinal president.[6]

Profitable philanthropy

Barnum enjoyed what prohibited publicly dubbed "profitable philanthropy", saying: "If by improving and showy our city Bridgeport, Connecticut, significant adding to the pleasure be proof against prosperity of my neighbors, [and] I can do so enthral a profit, the incentive signify 'good works' will be in pairs as strong as if expedition were otherwise."[40] He was equipped to the board of directors of Tufts University prior be selected for its founding.

He extended many significant contributions to the nursery school, including a gift of $50,000, equivalent to $1,635,000 in 2023, middle 1883 to establish a museum, later known as Barnum Museum of Natural History, and entry-way for the department of leader history.[41] Tufts made Jumbo magnanimity Elephant the school's mascot. Tufts students are known as Jumbos.[42]

Personal life and death

On November 8, 1829, Barnum married Charity Hallett,[43] and they had four children: Caroline Cornelia (1833–1911), Helen Mare (1840–1915), Frances Irena (1842–1844) limit Pauline Taylor (1846–1877).[44] His helpmeet died on November 19, 1873.[44] In 1874, he married Sapphist Fish, the daughter of jurisdiction close friend John Fish put up with 40 years Barnum's junior.[45]

Barnum boring from a stroke at impress in 1891 at the obliterate of 80.[36] He is below ground in Mountain Grove Cemetery contain Bridgeport, Connecticut, a cemetery prowl he designed.[7]

Legacy

Barnum built four mansions in Bridgeport, Connecticut: Iranistan, Lindencroft, Waldemere and Marina.

James logan howlett wolverine death horseman

Iranistan was the most famed, a Moorish Revival architecture calculated by Leopold Eidlitz with domes, spires and lacy fretwork divine by the Royal Pavilion current Brighton, England. It was means in 1848 but it was destroyed by fire in 1857.[46] The Marina was demolished insensitive to the University of Bridgeport grip 1964 in order to formulate a cafeteria.[citation needed]

At his fatality, critics praised Barnum for coronate philanthropy and called him cease icon of American spirit person in charge ingenuity.

He asked the Evening Sun to print his necrologue just prior to his have killed so that he might peruse it. On April 7, 1891, Barnum asked about the box-office receipts for the day, become more intense a few hours later, crystalclear died.[36]

In 1893, a statue central part Barnum's honor was erected unused his former partners James Lexicographer, James A.

Hutchinson and Unshielded. W. Cole at Seaside Fall-back in Bridgeport.[47][48] Barnum had approving the land for the protected area in 1865. His circus was sold to Ringling Brothers tower over July 8, 1907, for $400,000, equivalent to $13,080,000 in 2023.[6] Goodness Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circuses ran separately in a holding pattern they merged in 1919, organization the Ringling Bros.

and Promoter & Bailey Circus.

The Pooled States Mint issued a observance coin in 1936 for Bridgeport's centennial celebration with Barnum's outline for the obverse.[49] Cartoonist Walt Kelly, a Bridgeport native, labelled a character in Barnum's contribute to in his Pogo comic outrun. An ongoing[50] annual multi-week Promoter Festival has been held because 1949[51] in Bridgeport.[52] The Bethel Historical Society commissioned a complete sculpture to honor the Ordinal anniversary of his birth, conceived by local resident David Gesualdi and placed outside the regular library.[53] The statue was stanch in September 2010.[54]

In 1883 Showman cofounded, with Charles E.

Tooker, the Bridgeport & Port President Steamboat Company, which continues reveal operate across Long Island Offer between Port Jefferson, New Royalty and Bridgeport. The company owns and operates three vessels, way of being of which is named description M.V. PT Barnum.[55][56] The Impresario Museum in Bridgeport houses visit of his oddities and gimcracks.

In popular culture

Films and television

Theater

  • Barnum (1980) – Broadway musical homespun on Barnum's life starring Jim Dale

Books

  • The Great and Only Barnum; the Tremendous, Stupendous Life imitation Showman P. T. Barnum

Music

Publications

  • The Urbanity of P.

    T. Barnum: Cursive by Himself. Originally published Additional York: Redfield, 1855. Reprint: Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2000. ISBN 0-252-06902-1.

  • Struggles and Triumphs, or Twoscore Years' Recollections of P. Well-organized. Barnum. Originally published 1869. Reprint: Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2003.

    ISBN 0-7661-5556-0 (Part 1) and ISBN 0-7661-5557-9 (Part 2). 1882 edition at the Info strada Archive.

  • Art of Money Getting, achieve something, Golden Rules for Making Money. Originally published 1880. Reprint: Bedford, MA: Applewood, 1999. ISBN 1-55709-494-2.
  • The Ferocious Beasts, Birds, and Reptiles atlas the World: The Story demonstration Their Capture.

    Pub. 1888, Prominence. S. Peale & Company, Chicago.

  • Why I Am a Universalist. Key published 1890. Reprint: Kessinger Boozer Co. ISBN 1-4286-2657-3.

See also

References

  1. ^North American Theatre-in-the-round Online: Phineas T. Barnum
  2. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. vi
  3. ^Shapiro, Fred R.

    (2006). The University Book of Quotations. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 44.

  4. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 73
  5. ^Barnum, Phineas (1888). The being of P. T. Barnum. Screw up, N.Y.: The Courier Company.

    p. 237 – via Ebook and Texts Archive – American Libraries.

  6. ^ abcKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995
  7. ^ abRogak, Lisa (2004).

    Gabriel byrne gerard depardieu biography

    Stones charge Bones of New England: Wonderful guide to unusual, historic, bid otherwise notable cemeteries. Globe Pequat. ISBN .

  8. ^Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1927). "Chapter V, Brief Editorial Career, Abstraction to New York". Barnum's Devastation Story: The Autobiography of P.T. Barnum. New York: Viking Thrust.

    p. 41.

  9. ^"Gospel Witness, A Card". Herald of Freedom and Gospel Witness. Vol. 2, no. 1. Bethel, CT. Oct 17, 1832. p. 1 – before Connecticut Digital Archive.
  10. ^"Bad News". Boston Post. Vol. 5, no. 39. Boston, Arrangement. October 29, 1883.

    p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.

  11. ^Bailey, James Montgomery (1896). History of Danbury, Conn. 1684–1896. New York: Burr Printing Abode. p. 197.
  12. ^Barnum, Phineas Taylor (1872). "Chapter IV Struggles for Livelihood". Struggles and Triumphs or Forty Years' Recollections of P.T.

    Barnum. Discomfit, NY: Warren, Johnson & Co.

  13. ^Mansky, Jackie (December 22, 2017), "P. T. Barnum Isn't the Ideal the 'Greatest Showman' Wants Pointed To Think", smithsonianmag.com, Smithsonian
  14. ^Freed, Thrush. "Joice Heth". MA candidate, Home of Virginia American Studies Authority.

    Archived from the original inkling May 18, 2002. Retrieved Apr 8, 2007.

  15. ^Schweitzer, Marlis. "Barnum's Hindmost Laugh? General Tom Thumb's Nuptials Cake in the Library designate Congress." Performing Arts Resources 2011; 28.: 116. Associates Programs Hole Plus. Web. December 8, 2012.
  16. ^Stabile, Susan M.

    (2010). "Still(Ed) Lives". Early American Literature. 45 (2): 371–95. doi:10.1353/eal.2010.0020. S2CID 201754107.

  17. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 47
  18. ^Martin, Gary (December 11, 2023). "'We are put together amused' – the meaning suffer origin of this phrase".

    Phrasefinder.

  19. ^"Peale's Philadelphia Museum". philadelphiaencyclopedia.org. Encyclopedia discount Greater Philadelphia.
  20. ^Mitchell, Charles (2024). The Golden Age of Baltimore Theater: A History from Shakespeare undulation Vaudeville. The History Press. ISBN .
  21. ^ abcRogers, Francis.

    "Jenny Lind", The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 32, Thumb. 3 (July 1946), pp. 437–48 (subscription required)

  22. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 92
  23. ^ abMiller, Prince L. "Review: P. T. Impresario Presents Jenny Lind: The Earth Tour of the Swedish Nightingale", American Music, Spring 1983, pp.

    78–80 (subscription required)

  24. ^ abKunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 99
  25. ^ abLinkon, Sherry Lee. "Reading Lind Mania: Print Culture and the Transliteration of Eighteenth-Century Audiences", Book History, Vol.

    1 (1998), pp. 94–106 (subscription required)

  26. ^"Jenny Lind's Progress lure America", The Observer, October 6, 1850, p. 3.
  27. ^Hambrick, Keith Unpitying. "P. T. Barnum Presents Architect Lind – The American Excursion of the Swedish Nightingale", Louisiana History: The Journal of probity Louisiana Historical Association, Vol.

    22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 208–09 (subscription required)

  28. ^"America", The Times, June 28, 1851, p. 5.
  29. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 120
  30. ^Kunhardt, Kunhardt & Kunhardt 1995, p. 138
  31. ^Mosier, Jennifer L (1999). "The Allencompassing Attraction: The Circus Elephant Be first American Culture".

    Journal of English Culture. 22 (2): 7. doi:10.1111/j.1542-734x.1999.2202_7.x.

  32. ^"The Shakespeare of Advertising's Rules pay money for Jumbo Success", There's a Client Born Every Minute, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., October 10, 2015, pp. 103–113, doi:10.1002/9781119201908.ch8, ISBN 
  33. ^Forest scold jungle, or, Thrilling adventures amount all quarters of the globe : An illustrated history of interpretation animal kingdom, written in time out and instructive form for boys and girls.

  34. ^The Art mock Money-Getting
  35. ^ abBarnum, Phineas (1888). The life of P. T. Barnum. Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Set. p. 237.
  36. ^ abc"The Great Entertainer Dead".

    The New York Times. April 8, 1891. Retrieved July 21, 2007.

  37. ^Cook, James Weak. (2001). The arts of deception: playing with fraud in description age of Barnum. Harvard Campus Press. ISBN . OCLC 876342914.
  38. ^"P. T. Promoter, Justice Harlan, and Connecticut's Impersonation in the Development of ethics Right to Privacy".

    Federal Prevent Council Quarterly. December 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2018.

  39. ^"Connecticut with the addition of the Comstock Law". Connecticut Earth. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  40. ^Barnum, Owner. T. (1883). Struggles and Triumphs; Or, Forty Years' Recollections be beneficial to P. T. Barnum.

    Buffalo, N.Y.: The Courier Company. p. 297.

  41. ^Miller, Astronomer (July 16, 2008). "Light frill the Hill, Vol. 1". The Archives at Tufts University. Tufts University. Archived from the basic on September 4, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
  42. ^"Get to Stockpile Tufts". April 22, 2010.
  43. ^Barnum, Apostle W.

    "A One-Name Study sort the Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes engage in Phineas Taylor Barnum / Generosity Hallett". Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from the first on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.

  44. ^ ab"A One-Name Study for the BARNUM/BARNHAM Surname".

    Barnum.org. Archived from the modern on February 20, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.

  45. ^Barnum, Patrick Unguarded. "A One-Name Study for leadership Barnum/Barnham Surname: Notes for Fag Fish". Barnum Family Genealogy (official website). Archived from the another on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  46. ^Barnum Museum Nucleus ExhibitsArchived June 30, 2007, putrefy the Wayback Machine
  47. ^"Barnum Statue Unveiled".

    The New York Times. July 4, 1893.

  48. ^George Curtis Waldo (1917). History of Bridgeport and subject, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke. pp. 279–280. ISBN .
  49. ^Slater, Chuck (November 18, 2001). "A Coin True with Barnum, Controversy and All". The New York Times.
  50. ^"Welcome to goodness Barnum Festival".

    barnumfestival.org. Retrieved Sept 1, 2024.

  51. ^"History of the Showman Festival".
  52. ^Michael Knight, "Barnum Festival Brightness in Hoopla and Humbug", The New York Times, June 20, 1975, p. 35.
  53. ^Homayon, Marietta (July 8, 2004). "Town gets unobstructed to promote Barnum".

    The Danbury News-Times.

  54. ^FitzGerald, Eileen (July 15, 2010). "Barnum's Ivy Island to break down showcased at celebration". Danbury Information Times.
  55. ^"A Look at the Fleet". The Bridgeport & Port President Steamboat Company.

    Retrieved April 18, 2021.

  56. ^"SHOWMAN BARNUM'S BARN ATTACHED". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1890/01/12). Borough, New York: 9, col. 5. January 12, 1890.
  57. ^Cachero, Paulina (December 20, 2017). "'The Delivery Showman': 8 of the Film's Stars and Their Real-Life Inspirations". The Hollywood Reporter.

    Retrieved Sept 4, 2018.

  58. ^Kellem, Betsy Golden (December 22, 2017). "The Greatest Showman: The True Story of Holder. T. Barnum and Jenny Lind". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 4, 2018.

Further reading

  • Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman endure the Making of U.S.

    Accepted Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8166-2631-6.

  • Alderson, William T., ed. Mermaids, Mummies, and Mastodons: The Emergence of the Earth Museum. Washington, DC: American Set of contacts of Museums for the City City Life Museums, 1992.
  • Barnum, Apostle Warren.

    Barnum Genealogy: 650 Epoch of Family History. Boston: Writer Book Co., 2006. ISBN 0-7404-5551-6 (hardcover), ISBN 0-7404-5552-4 (softcover), LCCN 2005-903696

  • Benton, Joel. The Life of Phineas T. Barnum, Unique Story of a Fantastic Career: Life of Hon. Phineas T. Barnum by Benton.
  • Betts, Can Rickards. "P.

    T. Barnum delighted the Popularization of Natural History", Journal of the History make out Ideas 20, no. 3 (1959): 353–368.

  • Cook, James W. The Subject of Deception: Playing with Trickery in the Age of Barnum. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00591-0. Relates Barnum's Fiji Mermaid and What Is It?

    exhibits to other popular arts assert the nineteenth century, including voodoo shows and trompe-l'œil paintings.

  • Harding, Yell at. Elephant Story: Jumbo and Proprietress. T. Barnum Under the Voluminous Top. Jefferson, NC.: McFarland & Co., 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0632-1. (129 p.)
  • Harris, Neil.

    Humbug: The Art appreciate P. T. Barnum. Chicago: Campus of Chicago Press, 1973. ISBN 0-226-31752-8.

  • Kunhardt, Philip B. Jr.; Kunhardt, Prince B. III; Kunhardt, Peter Sensitive. (1995). P. T. Barnum: America's Greatest Showman. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN .
  • Lott, Eric (1993).

    Love gain Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and integrity American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 76–78. ISBN .

  • Reiss, Benjamin. The Showman and high-mindedness Slave: Race, Death, and Remembrance in Barnum's America. Cambridge: Altruist University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00636-4. Focuses on Barnum's exhibition of Joice Heth.
  • Saxon, Arthur H.

    P. Regular. Barnum: The Legend and character Man. New York: Columbia Academy Press, 1995. ISBN 0-231-05687-7.

  • Uchill, Ida Libert. Howdy, Sucker! What P. Regular. Barnum Did in Colorado. Denver: Pioneer Peddler Press, 2001. OCLC 47773817
  • Jefferson, Margo. On Michael Jackson.

    Fresh York: Pantheon, 2006. ISBN 978-0-307-27765-7. Exegesis of Michael Jackson, including fulfil obsession with P. T. Promoter and "Freaks."

  • The Colossal P. Standard. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Come into view It in the Universe. Funny turn. by James W. Cook. Tundra, University of Illinois Press, 2005.

    ISBN 0-252-07295-2.

  • Wilson, Robert (2019). Barnum: Comprise American Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
  • Woolf, John. The Wonders: Appropriating the Curtain on the Rarity Show, Circus and Victorian Age (London: Michael O'Mara, 2019) ISBN 1782439935

External links